Minerals sputtering

Fig. 10. The redistribution of Na on Europa s surface. Na is implanted from lo either into ice or into the dark terrain, or it is brought to the surface as a hydrated mineral. Sputtering and photodesorption release the Na into the gas phase so it is redistributed and seen in the gas phase as escaping Na. If Na comes from a sulfate, the processing of the sulfate is described in Fig. 9.

Tonner et al. have taken scanning XPS microscopies at the Advanced Light Source Synchrotron Radiation Center of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [2.6]. They investigated a polished and sputter-cleaned surface of mineral ilmenite with the nominal composition FeTi03, and used the Fe 3p and Ti 3p lines for imaging. Using synchrotron radiation they demonstrated spatial resolution of approximately 0.25 p,m. 

Mercury 0.25 91.7 4,878 650 Lunar-like surface but with lower Fe2+ content traces of atmospheric Na implies sputtering from Na-bearing minerals. 

Sutton SR, Rivers ML (1999) Hard X-ray synchrotron microprobe techniques and applications. In Synchrotron Methods in Clay Science. CMS Workshop Lectures Vol. 9. Schulze DG, Stucki JW, Bertsch PM. (eds). The Clay Mineral Society, Boulder CO, p 146-163 Sutton SR, Flynn G, Rivers M, Newville M, Eng P (2000) X-ray fluorescence microtomography of individual interplanetary dust particles. Lunar Planet Sci XXXI 1857 Sutton SR, Rivers ML, Bajt S, Jones KW, Smith JV (1994) Synchrotron X-ray-fluorescence microprobe-a microanalytical instrument for trace element studies in geochemistry, cosmochemistry, and the soil and environmental sciences. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 347 412-416 Suzuki Y, Awaji M, Kohmura Y, Takeuchi A, Takano H, Kamijo N, Tamura S, Yasumoto M, Handa (2001) X-ray microbeam with sputtered-shced Fresnel zone plate at SPring-8 undulator beamline. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A 467-468 951-953... 

To characterize the mineral surface that is created by grinding and conditioning in aqueous solutions, IR spectroscopic techniques for powders (Section 4.2) are more suitable than techniques used for probing slab surfaces. In addition to a higher surface sensitivity, the former deal with real sample surfaces that differ from fractured, polished, and artificial (e.g., sputtered or chemically deposited) surfaces of minerals in terms of composition/configuration, distribution, and... 

SEM-EDS. All SEM micrographs of fi eeze-dried hydrogels and hydrogel-mineral composites were obtained with a ISI-DS 130C dual stage SEM with associated EDS. Samples were either coated with Au or Pt on a BAL-TEC, SCD 050 sputter coater to achieve optimal imaging results, or coated with carbon for EDS analysis. 

---