Mineralization synthesis

Milton and DeCarli [63M01] 1961 maskelynite mineral synthesis... 

Ugolini, F. C. and Jackson, M. L. (1982). Weathering and mineral synthesis in Antarctic soils. In "Antarctic Geoscience" (C. Craddock, ed.), pp. 1101-1108. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WL... 

GRANDQU1ST (W.T.) and POLLACK (S.S.), 1967. Clay mineral synthesis. II a randomly interstratified aluminian montmorillonoid. Amer. Min. 52, 212-26. 

HARDER (H.), 1974. Illite mineral synthesis at surface temperatures. 

Despite the problems inherent to the mineral synthesis technique, this technique may be the only viable means of obtaining reasonable amounts of isotopic exchange in low temperature experiments (T < 250°C). With care, the technique may indeed provide reliable equilibrium fractionation factors. Criteria that have been used to suggest an approach to equilibrium fractionations in such experiments include controlled precipitation rates, an understanding of reaction pathways and the likelihood of kinetic fractionations associated with particular pathways, similar fractionations obtained in synthesis from different starting materials, and a concurrence of fractionation factors obtained with synthesis and direct exchange techniques (e.g. O Neil and Taylor 1969 Scheele and Hoefs 1992 Bird et al. 1993 Kim and O Neil 1997 Bao and Koch 1999). It should be emphasized, however, that even when these criteria are met, synthesis experiments cannot rigorously demonstrate the attainment of isotopic equilibrium. 

Dissolution-precipitation models. Dubinina and Lakshtanov (1997) developed a kinetic model that describes isotopic fractionation between a mineral and fluid involved in one of three types of dissolution-precipitation processes (Fig. 11). Type I (mineral synthesis) considers successive dissolution of an unstable phase, A, of uniform isotopic composition and precipitation (crystallization) of phase B. Type II (Ostwald ripening) involves the partial dissolution of phase B which has a non-uniform isotopic composition... 

In Dubinina and Lakshtanov s (1997) Type II model, dissolution-precipitation proceeds by the Ostwald ripening after mineral synthesis. Upon completion of mineral synthesis (Type I), the phase B consists of an aggregate of crystals of different grain sizes. The recrystallization of these mineral grains will take place by Ostwald ripening,... 

Alteration mineral assemblages characterize the many varied hydrothermal-chemical reactions that occur in active geothermal systems. The effect of chemical and temperature conditions on the occurrence of secondary minerals is well known, based on field observation and mineral synthesis laboratory experiments. It is less clear, however, how specific chemical species become enriched in one part of an active hydrothermal system. 

Turner G, Knott FS, Ash RD, Gilmour JD (1997) Ar-Ar chronology of the martian meteorite ALH 84001 Evidence for the timing of the early bombardment of Mars. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61 3835-3850 Ugolini FC, Jackson ML (1982) Weathering and mineral synthesis in Antarctic soils. In Craddock C (ed) Antarctic geoscience. University of Wisoconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 1101-1109... 

Grandquist, W. T., Hoffman, G. W., and Boteler, R. C. 1972. Clay mineral synthesis. Ill Rapid hjydrothermal crystallization of an aluminian smectite. Clays and Clay Minerals 20 323-29. 

It is important to emphasize that this mineral synthesis is the sister of organic polymerization. This reaction in fact corresponds to a nucleophilic substitution of the oxygen atom on the metal with formation of M-O-M bonds, which as they propagate leads to the formation of the kinetically controlled oxide [8]. The best example known is the silica obtained by the hydrolysis of molecular precursors. Figures 4 and 5 represent both the polycondensation, in the case of a metal pentaalkoxide (for exempla V(OR)s) [9], and also the detail of the different stages leading from the precursor Si(OR)4 to silica [10]. 

According to the Colour Index (1971 Cl 77733) manganese carbonate (MnC03) is known as a pigment imder the name manganese white. Manganese carbonate occurs naturally as the mineral rhodochrosite and in some other minerals. Synthesis is reported to be by precipitation of iron-free manganese chloride with soda ash. 

Granquist, W. T., and S. S. Pollack, 1967. Clay mineral synthesis. II. A randomly interstratifled aluminian montmorillonoid. Am. Mineral. 52 212-226. 

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