Military commanders

Other considerations were particularly important to military commanders. For example, how high a dose could the average person survive if no treatment were available How much would weather conditions - particularly heat - affect the likelihood of a fatal outcome Just how much BZ would a chemical officer in the field need to disseminate to achieve desired effects throughout a given area, and how much variation in dosage would each type of munition produce ... 

The film The Fog ofWar (2004) starts with Robert McNamara, US Secretary of Defense in the 1960s, saying that military commanders always make mistakes and errors of judgement which can lead to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. However, with modern nuclear weapons those mistakes would destroy nations. In the extreme situation of war it is possible to regard the loss of many lives as not catastrophic, but destruction of the nation fighting the war is. 

Sadi Carnot (full name Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, Sadi after a Persian poet) was bom into one of the most emdite and influential families of the turbulent Napoleonic period. Sadi s father, Lazare Carnot, was a leading scientist and mathematician of his time, as well as a noted military commander who achieved high ministerial office under Napoleon. The father s profound intellectual influence on Sadi is apparent from parallels between Lazare s 1803 treatise, Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium and Movement, and Sadi s famous 1824 monograph, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire (Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu), which applied similarly general and abstract analysis to purely mechanical and thermomechanical devices, respectively. Among other accomplishments of this remarkable family, Sadi s younger brother, Hippolyte, became a noted writer and statesman, and the latter s eldest son, Marie Francois Sadi Carnot, later became a president of the Third Republic. 

Monitoring and management. Commanders can monitor the status and locations of troops, weapons and supplies to improve military command, control, communications, and computing (C4) [Hae 05],... 

Dr Coleman in her book has provided an excellent historical perspective of chemical warfare. We see the desire of some to achieve a unique military advantage opposed by others particularly revolted by warfare with poisonous gases. We see the reluctance of some military commanders to use weapons they did not fully understand. Was it the fear of retaliation in kind that prevented chemical warfare in the Second World War or was it the uncertainty of effects both on the user as well as on those attacked that was the most restraining influence ... 

Hung served as the "prophet," and a Hakkas Triad member, Yang Hsin-Ch ing, served as the recmiter and military commander of the movement. Yang was in the employ of the British as an opium runner on the Pearl River. 

Stephenson s methods of operation, including his penetration into every level of the U.S. military command with his SOE agents, are H. Montgomery Hyde, Room 3603 (New York Ballantine Books, 1962) and William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid (New York Ballantine Books, 1976). 

Thus, the extent of a reprisal ultimately becomes a matter of the military commander s situational judgment.110... 

The problem was, however, that once war broke out, hemp became just as scarce as any other fibrous materials. For a time American papermakers had to scrounge, beg, and plead for people to bring them their old rags so that the United States would have paper upon which money, business accounts, military commands, etc., could be written. The shortage did not last forever and after the War of Independence papermakers could choose what materials to use in producing paper. But for a time, the acute hemp and paper shortage threatened to undermine the American war effort. 

In 1916, Haber s institute was formally placed under military command. By 1917, Haber s empire encompassed 1,500 people, including 150 scientists, with a budget fifty times larger than the... 

At the end of September 1918, Germany s military commanders suddenly declared the war lost and demanded that civilian leaders negotiate a peace settlement. But weary soldiers, sailors, and workers took matters into their own hands. Mutinies broke out in early November, first in port cities, then in other large cities with military bases and factories. Workers councils occupied factories and took over city halls, demanding an end to the war and the overthrow of Germany s government. 

Military command and control Retaliate with overwhelming force ... 

It was the British, in the summer of 1940, who drew up the first serious plans for using gas. On 15 June 1940, only two days after Dunkirk, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir John Dill, circulated one of the most explosive memoranda of the war. Restricted to a few of the country s top military commanders, shrouded in secrecy for over thirty years, it was entitled The Use of Gas in Home Defence 5 — a brief and cogent military argument in favour of spraying an invading German army with mustard gas. 

Wl e physiological experiment yields only uncertain evidence, the experience of arctic travellers and others shows that the use of alcohol tends to diminiRh rather than increase the capacity to withstand cold. The experience of athletes and of military commanders is that intense and prolonged muscular exertion can be b t performed without the use of alcohol The experience of most literary men is that long-continued mental activity is more difficult with than without alcohol... 

Song-Lin Li Institute of Nanjing Military Command for Drug Control, No. 293, Zhongshan Eastern Road, Nanjing 210002, P.R. China... 

They ve got to disband, one of the Haganah officers snapped. You can t have two military commands running a war. ... 

Then you recognize that there can be only one military command in a war " I suggested. 

The Greek Army has a total strength of 130,000 men, exclusive of the National Defense Corps battalions, which add another 50,000. It has eight divisions, and three independent brigades. These operate under three corps commands and the separate military command of the Peloponessus. Its arms are British, except for some batteries of American mountain guns and a considerable number of American 50-caliber machine... 

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