Middle scale variation

FIGURE 6.13 Gray-scale microscopic RRI image of an excised palm tissue sample (a) and intensity plot (b) along a line running through the middle of the distribution. Results show large spatial variation of the concentration of carotenoids within the skin on a microscopic scale. 

Figure 16. Depth profiles from three ODP Sites, showing Li isotopic composition variations in pore waters (open symbols) and associated sediments (filled symbols), (a) Site 918, Irminger Basin, north Atlantic (Zhang et al. 1998) (b) Site 1038, Escanaba Trough, northeastern Pacific (James et al. 1999) (c) site 1039, Middle American Trench off of Costa Rica (Chan and Kastner 2000). The average composition of seawater is noted on each profile with dashed line (note different scales). Whereas sediments have relatively monotonous compositions, pore waters have compositions reflecting different origins and processes in each site. Interpretations of the data are summarized in the text under, Marine pore fluid-mineral processes. ...

Magnetic anisotropies xlz (l/3)Tr/ for R = Ce-Yb except Pm, Gd (0.002 < AFj < 0.06, table 9) have been computed with eq. (58) and using five contact contributions Sfj (i = H9, H11-H14) and the geometrical G factors obtained from the crystal structures of (HHH)-[/ Co(L5)3]6+ (R = La, Lu). A qualitative good agreement (AF = 0.23) is obtained between the experimental magnetic anisotropies (scaled to -100 for Dy(III) and corrected for the variation of the crystal-field parameter near the middle of the series (vide supra), table 9) and Bleaney s factors (table 3). Further non-linear least-squares refinements of the molecular... 

In PB networks, the variation of the line shape as a function of the applied stress was interpreted in terms of a chain length distribution. Shorter chains may be more oriented than longer ones, at a given elongation [18], which may lead to a non-affine behaviour at the chain scale. The question of the spatial scale to which the deformation is affinely transmitted, has been investigated intensively by small angle neutron scattering [64]. However, it may happen as well that the chain portions close to junction points are more oriented (have a more restricted mobility) than those in the middle of the chains [19]. 

It is in the documentation of the nature of the short-term perturbations in radiocarbon values that the two sets of data do not agree completely. Although there is a consensus that short-term episodes do exist, their magnitude is in dispute. There is also a consensus that the shortterm variations generate an additional set of problems for the archaeologist in the use and interpretation of radiocarbon values (61). In the Suess (52) and MASCA (53,54) plots, the interval of time from A.D. 1800 to the middle of the 4th millenium exhibits 12 major temporal episodes where radiocarbon values have multiple age equivalents. In these intervals, a given radiocarbon value may reflect two or more points in real time. Figure 5 illustrates this problem on an expanded scale. 

Most relevant to speleothem investigations is the middle to late Pleistocene - the past half-million years. This is the time scale of U/Th dating. Paleoclimatic signals are often matched to variations in oxygen isotope ratios derived from measurements on deep sea cores. This record has been subdivided into isotope stages that in turn correlate with sea level stands and with temperatures. The version of the isotope stage record shown in figure 1 is the SPECMAP compilation here reconstructed from Bradley (1999). 

Figure 1 BE limits left side) and extreme GMR values, which ensure BE right side) as a function of within-subject variability (ANOVA CV), for the classic (0.80-1.25) limits dashed lines) and three proposed procedures solid lines) expanded BE limits beyond a switching variability CVo = 30% (24) top) BE limits with levelling-off properties based on a sigmoid function (63) middle) and scaled BE limits (equation 10) with a preset variabUity CVwo = 25.4% and switching variability CVq = 30% (35,64) bottom). A two-period crossover study with 36 subjects was assumed for (he calculation of extreme GMR values. Abbreviations BE, bioequivalence GMR, geometric mean ratio CV, coefficient of variation.

Figure 1.15 Water/oil interfacial tension crab (plotted on log-scale) as function of the relevant tuning parameter, (a) Variation of crab with temperature T, exemplarily shown for the water-n-octane-C- oE4 system [17]. (b) Variation of crab with the composition of the amphiphilic film 8yi in the quaternary system hbO-n-octane-fS-CsG-i-CsEo at T = 25°C [90]. Both systems show that the water/oil interfacial tension runs through a distinct minimum in the middle of the three-phase region. The full line is calculated considering the bending energy difference between a curved amphiphilic film in the microemulsion and the flat film of the macroscopic interface [96].

Construction of a plot such as that in Figure 7 would be complicated for charge separation or recombination. The effect of solvent polarity cannot be examined at constant AG° unless many different reactions are compared. If a single reaction is studied, the variations in rate due to variations in A G° are likely to exceed those from variations in Xs. If a reaction is weakly exoergic in the middle of the polarity scale, it will Ukely become endoergic at low polarity (for charge separation) or at high polarity (for recombination). 

Interannual variability in terrestrial photosynthesis is clearly evident in the 20-year satellite NDVI time series. Much of the variability can be related to the El-Nino/Southem Oscillation and other aspects of climate variability. For example, there is a dramatic suppression of photosynthesis following dramatic cooling after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. At this writing, it appears that the NDVI data also suggest an increasing trend in NPP at middle to high latitudes (Myneni et al., 1999). Temporal variations in decomposition rates cannot be observed directly on the global scale, and have been inferred from variations in temperature and precipitation. 

Fig. 11 Left Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of fluorescein dot array (15 x 15 dots, 30 pm X 30 xm, scale bar = 4 pm) showing emission changes (Hexc 532 nm = 0 kilocounts s fmax = 600 kilocounts s ) upon pH variation (pH 4, top pH ss 6, middle pH rj 12, bottom). Chemical structures indicate predominant molecular forms at corresponding pH range. Right Mean intensity cross-section of the fluorescence images (2exc 532 nm) exposed to four consecutive acid-base cycles (a). Reversible averaged emission profiles upon pH variation (b). Reprinted with permission from [54]...

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