Microscopy and Microspectroscopy

Principles and Characteristics A wide variety of structural analysis tools is available employing X-rays (Table 5.59). Micro-focused X-ray sources allow small area spectroscopy, quantitative line scans and retrospective chemical state imaging based on high energy resolution spectra from user-defined areas. X-ray imaging complements electron imaging allowing to study relatively thick samples. 

Several reviews deal with X-ray microscopy [723, 723a] and X-ray spectromicroscopy [724] recent books are available [725,726]. A special issue is devoted to spectromicroscopy [727]. 

Method Spatial resolution Required sample mass for Information 

Micro-WAXS b 10-3 g lo- ig Phase composition, crystallite size 

Application of p-WAXS requires separation of the additive from the polymer matrix first. /tWAXS was illustrated for PBT/Fe203 (hematite) and PBT/T1O2 (rutile and anatase) and PVC containing Mg(OH)2-brucite and MgO-periclase as contaminants [716]. 

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Cherry RJ. New Techniques of Optical Microscopy and Microspectroscopy, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1991. 

S. Crozier, G. Cowin and Z. Endre. MR Microscopy and Microspectroscopy of the Intact Kidney. Concepts Magnetic Resonance 2004(Part A 22A) 50-9. 

Recrystallization experiments frequently yield crystals having different shapes and morphologies which are not necessarily different polymorphs. For example, Figs 8.2 and 8.3 show crystals of p-estradiol with distinctly different shapes but are, in fact, the same polymorph. The morphology differences are due to different crystallization solvents. It is important then to have some microscopical technique that allows one to distinguish between polymorphs. Optical crystallography, thermal microscopy and microspectroscopy have this ability. 

Peters, R., and Scholz, M. (1991). Fluorescence photobleaching techniques. In New Techniques of Optical Microscopy and Microspectroscopy (R. J. Cherry, ed.), pp. 199-228. Macmillan, London. 

After a few decades of little attention from scientists, there was a resurgence of interest in DUV microscopy and microspectroscopy. In the 1990s, two essential... 

In the following subsections, details of recent advances in DUV microscopy and microspectroscopy are described. 

As described in the previous section, DUV transmission absorption microscopy and microspectroscopy have been used to observe intracellular microstructures for many years. Absorption imaging has some advantages in DUV microscopy. Unlike... 

R.C. Mellors, R.E. Berger, H.G. Streim, Ultraviolet microscopy and microspectroscopy of resting and dividing cells studies with a reflecting microscope. Science 111, 627-632 (1950)... 

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