Microscopic contributions

Figure 9b shows the friction constant as a function of a. For large a the friction coefficient varies linearly with ct in accord with the prediction of the Stokes formula. The figure also shows a plot of (slip boundary conditions) versus ct. It lies close to the simulation value for large ct but overestimates the friction for small ct. For small ct, microscopic contributions dominate the friction coefficient as can be seen in the plot of (m. The approximate expression 1 = + 071 interpolates between the two limiting forms. Cluster friction... 

An early crossover to the hydrodynamics takes place when the solute-solvent interaction energy is changed along with the solute-solvent size ratio. This early crossover is found to be due to the nonvanishing contribution from the density mode for increased solute-solvent interaction. This density mode contribution leads to a faster decrease of the microscopic contribution to the diffusion and thus an early crossover to the hydrodynamic picture. 

A limitation of the magnetic prism-based EELS detection system is the spectrum drift in the energy dispersion direction. Various sources of instability in the microscope contribute to this effect High voltage fluctuation, magnetic field creep etc. This places a fundamental limit on the useful exposure time. Experimental efforts in electron spectroscopy consist largely in reducing unwanted electrical noise and specimen drift. 

It is clear that, becauseof the vector properties of A , the microscopic contributions form different spatial locations (x, y, z) in the non-linear medium only add up to generate a macroscopic wave with useful intensity if the vectors of the phase velocities of the incident... 

The nonlinear polarization induced in an atom or molecule acts as a source of new waves at frequencies co= co =bct)2, which propagate through the nonlinear medium with the phase velocity a)/k — c/n co). However, the microscopic contributions generated by atoms at different positions x, y, z) in the nonlinear medium can only add up to a macroscopic wave with appreciable intensity if the vectors of the phase velocities of incident inducing waves and the polarization waves are properly matched. This means that the phases of the contributions Pi (o .co2,ri) to the polarization wave generated by all atoms at different locations r/ within the pump beam must be equal at a given point within the pump beam. In this case, the amplitudes Ei(co 002) add up in phase in the direction of the pump beam and the intensity increases with the... 

Since an oscillating dipole moment is a source of new waves generated at each molecule, (8.5) shows that an elastically scattered wave at the frequency co is produced (Rayleigh scattering) as are inelastically scattered components with the frequencies co — con Stokes waves) and superelastically scattered waves with the frequencies o) + con (anti-Stokes components). The microscopic contributions from each molecule add up to macroscopic waves... 

When the use of different microscopes contributes to differences between counters and laboratories, the ef-... 

The nonlinear properties of such a macroscopic system depend on the orientational average of the microscopic contribution of the single nonlinear molecule. If the spatial orientation of the nonlinear molecules is isotropically distributed, the overall NLO response will be null no matter how strong the single molecule s nonlinear response would be. Therefore the study of the macroscopic distribution of... 

Small Intestine. The small intestine is the primary site of both digestion and absorption. In normal individuals, 90 to 95% of all absorption occurs in the first half of the small intestine. The structure, both visible and microscopic, contributes to the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, and to the mechanical processes of digestive physiology. 

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