Microscope history

In the case of the simplest mechanism of repeated adsorption-desorption events of the unaltered molecules, the retention time and the peak shape are insensitive to the composition of the carrier gas — now we would add provided that it constantly modifies the column surface. Some of the more complex mechanisms of migration are indistinguishable from the outside because they are analogously insensitive. It is, for instance, simple chemisorption, when the initial electronic structure of the adsorptive substantially changes upon adsorption, but is restored at the desorption stage. Such is also the microscopic history of metallic adatoms in metal columns. Another case is the chromatography of molecular halides in columns loaded with alkali halides the adsorbed state is a surface complex between the two halides see Sect. 1.5.1. In both examples the structure of the original adsorption sites is not necessarily restored. It is, of course, unimportant in the experiments with tracers. 

Nanomedicine(s) under the microscope, history and status (containing about 500 key references) [38]... 

The history of EM (for an overview see table Bl.17,1) can be interpreted as the development of two concepts the electron beam either illuminates a large area of tire sample ( flood-beam illumination , as in the typical transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging using a spread-out beam) or just one point, i.e. focused to the smallest spot possible, which is then scaimed across the sample (scaiming transmission electron microscopy (STEM) or scaiming electron microscopy (SEM)). In both situations the electron beam is considered as a matter wave interacting with the sample and microscopy simply studies the interaction of the scattered electrons. 

A substantial portion ( 15%) of the magnetite was found to be converted to hematite. As prior work showed small conversion (1%) of hematite to magnetite, the data indicate that the conversion can proceed in either direction depending upon the local microscopic deformation history of the powder particles. 

Transmission electron microscopic observaiion reveals various morphologies of precipitates depending upon the constituents and composition of an alloy system, history of heat treatments etc. Typical examples are spherical precipitates found in Nl-Cr-Al system and cuboidal precipitates in Fe-Mo system [1]. The first question raised is what determines the shape of a precipitate. 

Their theory can also be regarded as the begiiming of micro-macro thinking in the written history of science in a philosophical manner, macroscopic properties are projected, but not transferred on a pttre hypothetical microscopic model (Weillbach, 1971). 

The early period of the Earth s history, around 3.8 1 billion years ago, is completely shrouded in darkness possible witnesses from this archaic period might help to cast some light. So we are looking for possible remains of the first primitive life forms on our planet—fossils, or to be exact, microfossils, which refers to the remains of living cells. What have survived are mainly only cell walls, which can be isolated from sedimentary rocks when the silicate-, sulphide- or carbonate-rich minerals are chemically dissolved away. The microfossils are found in the remaining carbon-containing residue, transparently thin platelets of which are prepared for microscopic studies. 

Graham coined the term "colloid" to describe suspensions of small particles in a liquid.(J ) Such particles are generally considered to be from 1 to 5000 nm in diameter and are not easily precipitated, filtered, or observed by ordinary optical microscopes. The topic of this paper is metallic colloidal particles, often called metal sols, with special emphasis on non-aqueous media. Some history of gold sols is appropriate. 

Vemeuil A process for growing single crystals of refractory compounds. The powdered material is dropped through an oxy-hydrogen flame and the product, consisting of microscopic molten droplets, is collected on a seed crystal. As the liquid mass reaches a cooler zone it crystallizes in the form of a single crystal known as a boule. Invented by A. V. L. Vemeuil at the Museum of Natural History, Paris, who made synthetic rabies and sapphires in this way. 

The introduction of the 5th dimension into the real World has a long history. We do not have any direct information about the extra dimensions, so we have an alternative. Either x5 does not exist, or, it is microscopically small and compact. Obviously in the present paper we take the second horn of the alternative, for details see Refs. [8, 9],... 

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