Micrography, Microscopy

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographies were performed with a JEOL JEM-3010 microscope operating at 300 kV (Cs= 0.6 mm, point resolution 1.7 A). Images were recorded with CCD camera (MultiScan model 794, Gatan, 1024 x 1024 pixels, pixel size 24 x 24 pm2). The powder samples were mixed in ethanol and then ultrasonicated for 10 min. A drop of the wet sample was placed on a copper grid and then allowed to dry for 10 min before TEM analysis. 

X-ray microscopy (XRM) allows non-destructive investigation of the micro-structure (fractures) of plastics, paints, adhesives, and inks. Coatings on surfaces and fibres within composite structures may be studied. Examples of X-ray micrography are the observations of inclusions in paint and ink coatings and surfaces of painted substrates. 

The next chapter by L. B. Lawson and K. Papadopoulos is an overview of microscopy techniques, including photomicrography, video micrography, capillary microscopy, and electron microscopy, used to study the stability and transport phenomena in multiple emulsions systems. 

Chemical composition by chemical analysis, spectrometry [Analytical spectroscopic methods ISO 6955 Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (FT-IR) ASTM E1252], chromatography, microanalysis, microscopy, etc. Determination of molecular structures on the nano- and micro-scale, using diffractometry, micrography, spectroscopy, scattering and other methods [ASTM 5017 NMR of LLDPE]. 

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