Microemulsion reaction

Michael W. Deem, A Statistical Mechanical Approach to Combinatorial Chemistry Venkat Ganesan and Glenn H. Fredrickson, Fluctuation Effects in Microemulsion Reaction Media... 

The silanol groups on the particle surface can then be functionalized following several different methods. Synthesized nanoparticles can be reacted with commercially available alkoxysilane derivatives bearing thiol or amino groups.28,29 Alternatively, they can be added to the microemulsion reaction mixture to obtain surface... 

Venkat Ganesan and Glenn H. Fredrickson, Fluctuation Effects in Microemulsion Reaction Media David B. Graves and Cameron F. Abrams, Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ion-Surface Interactions with Applications to Plasma Processing Christian M. Lastoskie and Keith E. Gubbins, Characterization of Porous Materials Using Molecular Theory and Simulation... 

Keywords Microemulsion polymerization Microemulsion reaction Water-in-Oil (W/O) microemulsion Oil-in-Water (0/W) microemulsion Bicontinuous microemulsion Functional membranes and inorganic/polymer nanocomposites... 

Partition constants report the equilibrium distribution of components in aggregated systems but do not represent the free energy of transfer of alcohols between aggregates and the bulk aqueous or oil phases, and their values need not be independent of solution composition, especially when the alcohol concentration in the aggregates or the bulk phase is high. However, alcohol distributions expressed as mass-action binding constants in aqueous three-component microemulsions [reaction (16)] and in W/O microemulsions [reaction (17)] are independent of alcohol concentration. 

Extension of the microemulsion reaction method to complex oxides has been explored for a wide variety of materials, including aluminosilicate zeolite [45,108] ferrites [109], mullite [110], barium titanate [111,112], and various perovskite-type mixed oxides [112,113], yttrium-iron garnets (YIGs) [114,115], and high TV superconducting oxides [116-120]. 

Structural study of surfactant-based microheterogeneous liquid systems by the example of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide microemulsions under a tame scale alterations in the water-to-oil ratio. The advantages of this approach to study the structure of microcompartmentalized systems with different phase manifestations are shown. The obtained structural information is used to analyze the microenvironment of the reacting species and the kinetic data on the basic hydrolysis of carbon acids esters in the microemulsion reaction medium. Cohen et discussed diffusion NMR in supramolecular and combinatorial chemistry. Pregosin applied H, F, and pulsed field-gradient spin echo (PGSE) diffusion NMR spectroscopy in organometallic and catalytic chemistry. 

Memon et al. (2004) have reported an indirect Fl-spectrophotometric method for the determination of a-tocopherol in pharmaceuticals and facial oil samples in microemulsion reaction medium using iron(III)-l,10-phenanthroline as an oxidant. Micelles and microemulsions have now found an important place in the field of analytical chemistry and replaced toxic organic solvents. The proposed method is an example of how microemulsion in conjunction with FIA can be useful in analytical problems that requires reproducible time control and extraction in toxic organic solvents in analytical procedures. 

Memon, N., M. I. Bhanger, M. A. Memon, and M. H. Memon. 2004. Flow injection spec-trophotometric determination of a-tocopherol in microemulsion reaction medium using Fe(III)-l,10 phenanthroline as an oxidant. ACGC Chem. Res. Commun. 17 52-59. 

Microemulsions also facilitate and control heterogeneous chemical reactions. Examples include, hypochlorination reactions of water insoluble liquid reactants in microemulsion reaction media produced industrially useful epoxides and epoxide derivatives in high yields (107). Many other microemulsion-based reaction systems were described by Hager (108), including bioorganic reactions in microemulsions (109), metal nanoparticle synthesis in water-in-oil microemulsion (110), as well as polymerization within microemulsions and other self-organized media (111). 

The Microemulsion method is a novel route for the formation of NPs. A microemulsion is a cloudy colloidal system of micron size droplets of one immiscible hquid dispersed in another, such as oil in water, in the presence of a suitable surfactant and a co-surfactant. A microemulsion is formed by vigorous stirring or sonication and is thermod)mamically stable. Nanosize particles can spontaneously form within the micron size water droplets as a thermodynamically stable microemulsion. Briefly, in this method the first step is the formation of NP through a water-in-oil microemulsion reaction, followed by a reduction step. The surfactant molecules can function as protective agents to prevent the NP from agglomeration [15,21]. The surfactant molecule can be easily removed by heat treatment. The main advantage of the microemulsion method is its controlling metallic composition and particle size with a narrow distribution [29]. FC catalysts, particularly Pt-Ru, have been prepared by this novel route [30,31]. 

---