Microbiological contamination origin

Pigment slurries are one of the major components in paints and coatings that contribute to or affect the performance of a formulation. The nature of pigment slurries makes them extremely susceptible to microbiological contamination that can degrade the final formulation. Often biodeterioration can be prevented with plant sanitation and the use of a preservative, but formulators must not rely on the precept that a particular preservative that works today will always remain effective down the road. In complex environments, contaminants can enter the system at different points, or a formulation change may render the original preservative less effective. Manufacturers must remain aware of trends in the industry to ensure their products are properly protected. 

Apart from the aforementioned food additives, used intentionally and inevitably in food products, foodstuffs can also contain unwanted components originating from (chemical) pollution or (microbiological) contamination (e.g., antigens of microbial cells and metabolites produced by microorganisms like enzymes, toxins), which likewise are not encompassed by the definition of food additives but can be harmful to human health when found in food products. 

In 1981 Whyte [13] proposed a model to describe the potential probability of microbiological contamination of the contents of containers originating from the air in the environment of aseptic filling rooms. The model incorporated three additive effects ... 

When appropriate, written procedures should be established and followed to minimize objectionable microbiological contamination in APIs and intermediates that (1) are of biologic origin (2) are sensitive to microbiological deterioration or (3) have established microbiological specifications. 

Ingredients should have a low initial microbiological contamination (see Sect. 23.1.7). Specifically ingredients of natural origin and water may contain relatively high amounts of micro-organisms. 

Acid gas contamination has resulted from drilling fluid materials that have been altered by temperature, microbiological activity, or electrochemical effects. Contamination originating from thermal breakdown of drilling fluid additives is conditioned by time and temperature. 

A recently published book provides an excellent survey of issues that relate to contamination with endotoxins (present in both viable and nonviable bacteria), their released cell wall constituents, and also viable bacteria in the pharmaceutical industry [1]. It is important to know both the content of the work environment (e.g., indoor air) and the pharmaceutical products themselves. The former provides information on possible sources of microbial contamination and the latter the purity of the final commercial product (or precursors in various stages in its preparation). In some cases it is vital to know the actual bacterial species involved in contamination culture-based methods are standard microbiological techniques which were the focus of Jimenez [1] and thus will not be discussed further. Any contamination (e.g., with endotoxins), regardless of the species of origin, is of utmost of importance (e.g., in determining the safety of a batch of antibiotics to be administered intravenously). This is determined optimally by non-culture-based methods. 

Is the deposit a result of process contamination or microbiological fouling, which originated elsewhere in the cooling system ... 

It is not a requirement for water to be extra pure in order for it to be potable. In fact many of the minerals necessary for our health are present as solutes in water. The presence of solutes in water not only contributes to the beneficial presence of minerals, but also to the desirable pleasant taste of the water. On the other hand water may be contaminated by chemical, physical, microbiological, or radiological factors of natural or anthropogenic origin. The levels and types of various contaminants actually form the basis for the definition of the quality of water. The adequacy of water for specific uses may be decided on by its quality. 

There is no accurate estimate of the vast amount of material dried using this traditional technique. Since the method was simple and originated and utilized in most of the developing countries, its acceptance created no problem. But there were many technical problems associated with the traditional way of drying in the direct sun. These problems include rain and cloudiness contamination from dust and by insects, birds, and animals lack of control over drying conditions and possibility of chemical, enzymic, and microbiological... 

Cox et al. (1989) ruled out the possibility of bacterial contamination causing a false-positive result. They performed microbiological investigations to detect bacterial and fungal infections of the original marker solution and were able to produce an allergenic response to a mixture they had freshly made. 

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