Microbial cell-directed

As shown in Figure 8.1a, the carrier binding method is based on binding microbial cells directly to water-insoluble carriers. The binding is due to ionic forces between the microbial cells and the water-insoluble carriers. This technique has rarely been used, however, because of lyses dming the enzyme reactions. Microbial cells may leak from the earner, thereby disrupting the immobilisation. Therefore, this method has not been applied successfully.6... 

Although exopolysaccharides do not normally have a structural role, they do form structures that can be detected by either light or electron microscopy. Exopolysaccharides may form part of a capsule closely attached to the microbial cell surface, or appear as loose slime secreted by the cell but not directly attached to it mucoid Exopolysaccharide producing cells usually form mucoid colonies on solid media and colonies liquid cultures of these cells may become very viscous. However, growth conditions can... 

Since 1978, several papers have examined the potential of using immobilised cells in fuel production. Microbial cells are used advantageously for industrial purposes, such as Escherichia coli for the continuous production of L-aspartic acid from ammonium fur-marate.5,6 Enzymes from microorganisms are classified as extracellular and intracellular. If whole microbial cells can be immobilised directly, procedures for extraction and purification can be omitted and the loss of intracellular enzyme activity can be kept to a minimum. Whole cells are used as a solid catalyst when they are immobilised onto a solid support. 

John C. Berg, Andreas Acrivos, and Michel Boudart, Evaporation Convection H. M. Tsuchiya, A. G, Fredrickson, and R. Aiis, Dynamics of Microbial Cell Populations Samuel Sideman, Direct Contact Heat Transfer between Immiscible Liquids Howard Brenner, Hydrodynamic Resistance of Particles at Small Reynolds Numbers... 

The suspension of microbial cells in a solvent such as aqueous acidic acetonitrile is a procedure used routinely in soft ionization mass spectrometric investigations of microorganisms. This is particularly the case in MALDI-MS studies where whole-cell suspensions have been analyzed directly without separating the cellular residue. By contrast, ESMS is usually carried out with cell-free supernatants after analyte separation by LC. Some workers71 report that partial lysis of the cells occurs due to the acidic conditions employed in such techniques and that this results in the release of proteins and peptides from... 

In order to avoid chemical compounds at all, it is also possible to apply a high voltage to kill microbes on surfaces. It was found that a direct current kills E. coli cells, probably by heat or by hydrogen peroxide formation [84], Microbial cells can be effectively killed by using pulsed electric fields (PEF), probably by frequently disturbing the cell membrane potential [85], PEF that was found to lower microbial cell numbers in food and drinks was also shown to effectively kill E. coli and Listeria innocua cells attached to polystyrene beads [86], This demonstrates the potential of applying this purely physical method to surfaces as well. 

Almost all fuel hydrocarbons (including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (BTEX)) can be directly oxidized by microorganisms in the groundwater under aerobic conditions [25]. The following stoichiometry illustrates the direct aerobic oxidation of benzene, resulting in production of microbial cells, carbon dioxide, and water ... 

Tn addition to factors which cause direct injury to microbial cells, an animal body possesses a more subtle mechanism for defense against microbial parasitism. Animals can starve parasites by limiting the availability of nutrilites which are essential for microbial growth and multiplication. An acute competition between parasites and their hosts for nutrilites essential for the welfare of their cells is most evident in cases in which a given nutrilite cannot be synthesized either by the host or by the parasite. Only after the death of the host does the competition for various nutrilites cease, because dead tissues provide the microorganisms with the essential nutrilites. 

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