Micro early concepts

Early Concepts for Micro Structured Reactor Plant Design... 

Requiring low-sample volume micro-scale tests for its cost-effective application, the PEEP index has thus far employed bioassays with bacteria, algae and microinvertebrates. While well-standardized toxicity tests using freshwater fish existed at the time of the PEEP s conception in the early 1990 s (e.g., the Environment Canada fingerling rainbow trout 96-h lethality test to assess industrial wastewaters), they were excluded because of their large sample volume needs (e.g., close to 400 L of effluent sample required to undertake a multiple dilution 96-h LC50 bioassay in the case of the trout test). In addition to effluent sample volume, the cost of carrying out salmonid fish acute lethality bioassays for the 50 priority industrial effluents identified under SLAP I (the first 1988-93 Saint-Lawrence River Action Plan) was prohibitive. 

In the vast literature that covers the subject of polymer brushes, one may find numerous studies concerning brush formation and properties on flat surfaces. Since the introduction of the concept, polymer brushes have been studied traditionally on flat macroscopic surfaces due to the applicability of well-established experimental techniques and also because of the relative simplicity of the theoretical description on a flat geometry. However, the properties of polymer brushes grown on curved interfaces (especially on the surface of micro- and nanoparticles) have also received interest because of early-suggested applications in the stabilization of colloid dispersions [1]. 

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