Methanol in water

The concentration of caffeine in a typical serving of coffee and soda is determined in this experiment. Separations are achieved using a Gjg column with a mobile phase of 30% v/v methanol in water, with UV detection at a wavelength of 254 nm. 

Concentration of Octane Sulphonate (5w/v) Mobile Phase 20%w/v Methanol in Water... 

The drugs are held on the ion exchanger whereas the sample matrix materials pass through. The packing is then washed with 0.5 ml of 1.0M aqueous ammonium hydroxide and then two, 1 ml aliquots of 5% methanol in water. The sample is then desorbed by two separate aliquots of 1 ml of 0.22M ammonium hydroxide in pure methanol. Finally, the sample is collected in a silanized glass tube and the solvent removed by evaporation under stream of dry nitrogen. The volume of the sample is then made up to 250 pi and 100 pi placed on the column. The separation obtained is shown in figure 3. 

Besides direct reduction, a one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with a-picoline-borane in methanol, in water, and in neat conditions gives the corresponding amine products (Scheme 8.2).40 The synthesis of primary amines can be performed via the reductive amination of the corresponding carbonyl compounds with aqueous ammonia with soluble Rh-catalyst (Eq. 8.17).41 Up to an 86% yield and a 97% selectivity for benzylamines were obtained for the reaction of various benzaldehydes. The use of a bimetallic catalyst based on Rh/Ir is preferable for aliphatic aldehydes. 

Fig. 3.107. Comparison of micro-HPLC separations of aromatic sulphonic acids in different mobile phases (a) 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate (TBAS) in 15 per cent (v/v) methanol in water (1) Laurent acid, (2) amino-F-acid, (3) Cleve-1,6- and Peri acids, (4) unidentified impurity, (5) Cleve-1,7-acid and (6) unidentified impurity, (b) 0.005 M tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulphate (TBAS) in 15 per cent (v/v) methanol in water with 0.01 M /Lcyclodextrin (CD) (1) Laurent acid, (2) amino-F-acid, (3) Cleve-1,6-acid, (4) Peri acids, (5) unidentified impurity, (6) Cleve-1,7-acid and (7) unidentified impurity. Column, Biosphere Si C18, 162 X 0.32 mm i.d. flow rate 5 pl/min, column temperature ambient, detection, UV, 220-230 nm. Reprinted with permission from P. Jandera et al. [164].

Methanol is one of the few alcohols that can be fed directly into a fuel cell and can be converted electrochemically at the anode. The DMFC can be fed with a gaseous or liquid fuel feed. The liquid DMFC generally uses a diluted methanol in water mixture (ty pically 1-2 molar) and only a fraction of the methanol is used at the anode (Collins, 2001). The DMFC, like an ordinary battery, provides DC electricity according to the following half reactions. 

The reformer performance is shown in Table 2. The fuel for the original reactor was a 50 wt % mixture of methanol and water. For the higher-efficiency reactor and the system that included carbon monoxide cleanup, the fuel mixture was 60 wt % methanol in water. " The efficiency was calculated using the following equation ... 

Fig. 4.2 HPLC-DAD chromatograms of anthocyanins from soluble and insoluble extracts of black, red-brown, and brown soybean seed coats at 520 nm. (a, d) Black (Clark), (b, e) red-brown (Mil), and (c, f) brown (MlOO) seed coats, (a and b) Pulverized fresh seed coats extracted with 80% methanol in water, (d-f) Insoluble pulverized seed coat fraction extracted with 1-butanol/HCl (19 1) 1% SDS. Compound identifications were based on comparison of retention times and absorption spectra to authentic standards. Peak 1, unknown peak 2, delphinidin-3-O-galactoside peak 3, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside peak 4, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside peak 5, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside peak 6, petunidin-3-O-glucoside peak 7, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside peak 8, peonidin-3-O-glucoside and peak 9, malvidin-3-O-glucoside...

FIGURE 5.4 Effect of the gradient dwell volume, V7>. the elution volume, Vj, in reversed-phase chromatography. Solute neburon, retention equation (Equation 5.7) with parameters a=A, m = 4. Linear gradients 2.125% methanol/min (a) from 57.5% to 100% methanol in water in 20min ( i = 50) (b) from 75% to 100% methanol in water in 11.75 min (k = 10). Vg uncorrected calculated from Equation 5.8, Vg + Vg, Vg, added to Vg uncorrected, Vg corrected calculated from Equation 5.21. (A) A conventional analytical C18 column, hold-up volume y ,= ImL flowrate l.OmL/min. (B) A microbore analytical C18 column, hold-up volume y = 0.1mL flow rate 0.1 mL/min. 

HPLC 50% methanol in water (jBondapack C-18 Rauwolfia grandiflora/ bark ethanol extract booneinand isoboonein m... 

MPLC water to 50% methanol in water (25 0 mm particle size, 460 X 36 mm 1 D, 460 Himatantiius sucuuba/latex methanol/ water (1 1) plumieride [73]... 

Separation of Extracts from Chlorination of Tyrosine and Phenylalanine. Separation was by reversed-phase HPLC by using Spherisorb-ODS (25 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.) with an eluent of 35 methanol in water for the chlorinated tyrosine extract and 55 methanol in water for the chlorinated phenylalanine extract. 

Figure 6. Reverse-phase HPLC chromatograms from XAD-2/ethyl ether extracts of (a) chlorinated phenylalanine and (b) chlorinated tyrosine. An eluent of 55% methanol in water was used in (a), and an eluent of 35% methanol in water was used in (b).

Reversed phase /iiBondapak A 80-100% methanol in water 440 chi, pheo, car Spinach 128... 

Radial Pak RP A 80% methanol in water 660 chi, pheo, chlid, Canola seeds 115... 

Hypersil ODS A 75% methanol in water B ethyl acetate 430 chi, pheo, car Kiwi 137... 

The aerobic oxidation of methane in water catalyzed by [Pt(Mebipym)Cl2] [PV2Mo1004o]5 (Mebipym = N-methy-2,2 -bipyrimidine) complex supported on Si02 was reported [149]. The conjugation of [PV2Mo1004o]5 to a known Pt2 + -bipyrimidine complex by electrostatic interaction could fadlitate the oxidation of the Pt2 + intermediate to a Pt4 + intermediate by 02, resulting in the catalytic aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol in water and then surprisingly further to acetaldehyde via a carbon-carbon coupling reaction. 

Operating Pressure Raising the pressure may increase the separation effectiveness considerably. Calculations for the absorption of methanol in water from water-saturated air showed that doubling the pressure doubles the allowable concentration of methanol in the feed gas while still achieving the required concentration specification in the off gas. 

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