Metals/metalloids radiation

Using the elements mentioned in Section 22-13, induced radiation and the artificial transmutation of elements occur with both light elements, like the nonmetals 3H, 12C and 170 as well has heavier elements, like 97Tc, mFr, 210At and 239U, which can be metals, metalloids or nonmetals. Transuranium elements, i.e. the elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (uranium), must be prepared by nuclear bombardment of other elements. 

Handbook of Chemical RiskAssessment HealthHazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals. Volume 1. Metals Volume 2, Organics Volume 3, Metalloids, Radiation, Cumulative Index to Chemicals and Species, 2000. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Horida, 1903 pp. 

The mineral structure of bone also incorporates metals and metalloids that resemble calcium, including lead and a variety of elements some isotopes of which emit alpha radiation, including strontium-90, uranium-235, and plutonium-239. Bone acts as an important storage depot for these elements and the high local concentration in bone is responsible for the high risk of bone marrow effects and of bone cancers from a-emitting radionuclides. 

Hunter DB, Bertsch PM, Kemner KM, Clark SB (1997) Distribution and chemical spedation of metals and metalloids in biota collected from contaminated environments by spatially resolved XRF, XANES, and EXAFS. Journal de Physique IV France 7 767-771 Ice GE (1996) Microbeam forming methods for synchrotron radiation. X-ray Spectrum 26 315-326 Jackson BP, Shaw-Allen P, Hopkins WA, Bertsch PM (2002) Trace element speciation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from a fly ash settling basin by liquid chromatography-ICP-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, in press... 

AAS is useful for the analysis of approximately 70 elements, almost all of them metal or metalloid elements. Grotrian diagrams correctly predict that the energy required to reach even the first excited state of nonmetals is so great that they cannot be excited by normal UV radiation (> 190 nm). The resonance hnes of nonmetals lie in the vacuum UV region. Commercial AAS systems generally have air in the optical path, and the most common atomizer, the flame, must operate in air. Consequently, using flame atomizers, atomic absorption cannot be used for the direct determination of nonmetals. However, nonmetals have been determined by indirect methods, as will be discussed in the applications section. 

Radon lies on the diagonal of the Periodic Table between the true metals and nonmetals and is classed as a metalloid. As the heaviest and most metallic of the naturally occurring noble gases, radon has the lowest ionization energy of the group (1030 kJ mol ) consequently, it is expected to be the most reactive. The chemistry of radon is, however, less extensive than the chemistries of krypton and xenon and is rendered considerably more difficult because no stable isotopes of this element exist. The inherent radiation hazard that accompanies the intense radioactivity of radon requires tracer level experimentation. Nevertheless, evidence has been obtained that radon forms a difluoride and several complex salts. 

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