Metallurgical development

Since the early 1960s, advanced steam conditions have not been pursued. In the 1960s and early 1970s there was little motivation to continue lowering heat rates of fossil-fired plants due to the expected increase in nuclear power generation for base-load application and the availability of relatively inexpensive fossil fuel. Therefore the metallurgical development required to provide material X for advanced steam conditions was never undertaken. 

Finally, reviews of the oxidation reactions of the platinum metals and new metallurgical developments in the field of precious metals have been published. 

Under these very severe conditions, their life may be limited by their creep resistance and the process could not be economically developed to operate at pressure without the metallurgical development of steels able to withstand the conditions. Once the reactor constraint is removed there is immediately a demand for a catalyst which will operate satisfactorily under the more severe conditions now possible. 

A bed of hot charcoal can supply both the heat and the reducing agent, and the simplicity of the process accounts for the early metallurgical development of these metals. 

The progress of distillation in the petroleum industry was not independent of advancements in other fields, but rather was dependent upon, and to some extent followed metallurgical developments and the refinement of oil heaters, pumps, and heat exchangers. It is probable that further innovations in distillation methods will be equally dependent upon engineering developments in other fields. 

R, Baker, N.J. Cavaghan, A. Herbert, N.S. Normanton, High Quality Steelmaking , Perspectives in Metallurgical Developments, 1984. 

The development of alloys for controlling corrosion in specific aggressive environments is certainly one of the great metallurgical developments of the twentieth century. The basis upon which alloys resist corrosion and the causes of corrosion susceptibihty of alloys are explored in this and subsequent chapters. In general, the corrosion behavior of alloys depends on the interaction of ... 

D. Dreisinger, W. Murray, K. Baxter, M. Holmes, H. Jacobs and R. Molnar. The metallurgical development of the El Boleo copper-cobalt-zinc project ALTA Copper 2005, Perth, ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne, Australia. 

Nyman, B., Aaltonen, A., Hulthom, S. E., and Karpale, K. 1992. Application of new hydro-metallurgical developments in the Outokumpu HIKO process. Hydrometallurgy 29 461-478. 

The application of eddy currents in non destructive testing was very developed during the recent years. Adding to the defects characterization, actual studies deal with the metallurgical evaluation of materials. Surface processing allow to increase the material endurance and consequently its life duration. 

Chromium—Cobalt—Iron Alloys. In 1971, a family of ductile Cr—Co—Fe permanent-magnet alloys was developed (79). The Cr—Co—Fe alloys are analogous to the Alnicos in metallurgical stmcture and in permanent magnetic properties, but are cold formable at room temperature. Equivalent magnetic properties also can be attained with substantially less Co, thereby offering savings in materials cost. 

Eabrication techniques must take into account the metallurgical properties of the metals to be joined and the possibiUty of undesirable diffusion at the interface during hot forming, heat treating, and welding. Compatible alloys, ie, those that do not form intermetaUic compounds upon alloying, eg, nickel and nickel alloys (qv), copper and copper alloys (qv), and stainless steel alloys clad to steel, may be treated by the traditional techniques developed for clads produced by other processes. On the other hand, incompatible combinations, eg, titanium, zirconium, or aluminum to steel, require special techniques designed to limit the production at the interface of undesirable intermetaUics which would jeopardize bond ductihty. 

Eurther progress was made in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Many metals were discovered upon the development of experimental chemistry. The modem metallurgical industry was bom with the invention of steelmaking in 1856 (see Steel). Industrial processes for making zinc (see Zinc and zinc alloys), aluminum (see Aluminumand aluminum alloys), and copper followed before the end of the nineteenth century. These processes made possible the industrial revolution and the development of an industrial society relying heavily on the use of metals. 

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