Metallofullerene

Clemmer D E, Shelimov K B and Jarrold M F 1994 Gas-phase self-assembly of endohedral metallofullerenes Nature 367 718... 

Metallofullerenes are commonly found witli [74], [76], [80] and [82] fullerene and span composites tliat have a single (Mf2 Cg2), two or even tliree metal atoms encapsulated. The first type of... 

Edelmann F T 1995 Filled buckyballs—recent developments from the endohedral metallofullerenes of lanthanides Angew. Chem. Int. Edn. Engl. 34 981-5... 

Nagase S, Kobayashi K and Akasaka T 1996 Endohedral metallofullerenes new spherical cage molecules with interesting properties Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 69 2131-42... 

Rubin Y 1997 Organic approaches to endohedral metallofullerenes cracking open or zipping up carbon shells Chem. Eur. J. 3 1009-16... 

Shinohara H, Inakuma M, Hayashi N, Sato H, Salto Y, Kate T and Bandow S 1994 Spectroscopic properties of isolated Sc3 Cg2 metallofullerene J. Phys. Chem. 98 8597-9... 

Cagle D W, Kennel S J, Mirzadeh S, Alford J M and Wilson L J 1999 In vivo studies of fullerene-based materials using endohedral metallofullerene radiotraoers Proc. Natl Acad. Sc/. USA 96 5182-7... 

Kikuohi K, Suzuki S, Nakao N, Nakahara N, Wakabayashi T, Shiromaru H, Saito K, Ikemoto I and Aohiba Y 1993 Isolation and oharaoterization of the metallofullerene La Cg2 Chem. Phys. Lett. 216 67-71... 

Akasaka T, Nagase S, Kobayashi K, Suzuki T, Kato K, Yamamoto K, Funasaka H and Takahashi T 1995 Exohedral derivatization of an endohedral metallofullerene Gd Cg2 J. Chem. See., Chem. Commun. 1343-4... 

Takata M, Umeda B, Nishibori E, Sakata M, Saito Y, Ohno M and Shinohara H 1995 Confirmation by x-ray diffraotion of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y Cg2 Nature 377 46... 

Tagmatarchis N, Prato M (2004) Organofullerene Materials 109 1-39 Takata M, Nishibori E, Sakata M, Shinohara M (2004) Charge Density Level Structures of Endohedral Metallofullerenes by MEM/Rietveld Method 109 59-84 Takenobu T, see Margadonna S (2004) 109 127-164 Talarico G, see BudzelaarPHM (2003) 105 141-165 Taniguchi H, see Itoh M (2007) 124 89-118... 

Huang and Freiser (132, 133) were able to prepare exohedral metal C60 ions [MC60]+ by direct reaction of the bare metal ions Fe+, Ni+, Co+, Cu+, Rh+, and La+ with Cgo vapor produced from a heated probe. The [MC60]+ ions when subjected to low-energy collision-induced dissociation with argon all produced the Cg0 ion. These results show that the metal ions attach to the outer surface of C60. The exohedral metallofullerene ions differ from the endohedral metallofullerenes produced by laser ablation of metal oxide-graphite mixtures and support the observations of Smalley and co-workers (148) who found that endohedral metallofullerene ions dissociate by loss of C2 units. 

Fatouros PP, Corwin FD, Chen ZJ, Broaddus WC, Tatum JL, Kettenmann B, Ge Z, Gibson HW, Russ JL, Leonard AP, Duchamp JC, Dorn HC (2006) In vitro and in vivo imaging studies of a new endohedral metallofullerene nanoparticle. Radiology 240 756-764. 

Gadolinium Endohedral Metallofullerene-Based MRI Contrast Agents... 

Keywords Metallofullerene, endohedral, gadolinium, magnetic resonance imaging, contrast agent, relaxivity, cellular imaging, molecular imaging... 

To surpass the above limitations, new developments have recently enabled access to all of the metallofiillerenes generated by the arc process, not just M C82 (Bolskar and Alford, 2003 Bolskar et al., 2003). Other metallofiillerenes such as M C60, M C70, and M C74 are more prevalent in the arc products, but are not as soluble as M C82 (Diener and Alford, 1998). A recent study of arc-generated Gd metallofiillerenes found that soluble Gd C82 comprises only about 10% of the total metallofullerene product, with the majority, 90%, being other insoluble Gd C2n (Raebiger and Bolskar, 2008). To access the total Gd metallofullerene content, processes other than just arc soot extraction with solvents were implemented. Sublimation effectively removed all fullerenes and metallofiillerenes from the arc soot, leaving the non-fullerene amorphous carbon behind. Direct solvent extraction... 

Recently, other gadofullerenes, besides Gd C82, have become available due to advances in the processing of the normally insoluble metallofullerene fractions. Bolskar and coworkers reported methods to use and fractionate all of the arc-produced Gd metallofullerenes. By accessing the Gd C60 class of metallofullerenes, the useable amount of Gd mono-metallofullerenes was raised by a factor of more than 10 overall as compared to extraction-based processes that access Gd C82 (Bolskar and Alford, 2003 Raebiger and Bolskar, 2008). This increased access is important for the development of metallofullerenes in biomedicine, for which larger amounts of the raw materials will eventually be needed for preclinical and clinical testing. 

---