Metallic reducing agents

Let us apply these ideas to the third-row elements. On the left side of the table we have the metallic reducing agents sodium and magnesium, which we already know have small affinity for electrons, since they have low ionization energies and are readily oxidized. It is not surprising, then, that the hydroxides of these elements, NaOH and Mg(OH)z, are solid ionic compounds made up of hydroxide ions and metal ions. Sodium hydroxide is very soluble in water and its solutions are alkaline due to the presence of the OH- ion. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is not very soluble in water, but it does dissolve in acid solutions because of the reaction... 

There are different ways in which the nanoparticles prepared by ME-technique can be used in catalysis. The use of ME per se [16,17] implies the addition of extra components to the catalytic reaction mixture (hydrocarbon, water, surfactant, excess of a metal reducing agent). This leads to a considerable increase of the reaction volume, and a catal5fiic reaction may be affected by the presence of ME via the medium and solubilization effects. The complex composition of ME does not allow performing solvent-free reactions. 

The packed bed reactor is particularly lu ul for reactions involving solid-phase reagents such as cati Psts, immobilized enzymes,and metallic reducing agents [641,642,646,647,658]. Since solutions are added in this isase, there are no... 

Oil, charcoal, other organic materials powdered metals reducing agents strong acids alkyl esters hypochlorites Decomposition/combustion oxides of nitrogen, ammonia May detonate with strong shock or if heated A confined... 

Metal complexation (and fixation) in soils and sedimentary basins Deposition of ore metals (reducing agents)... 

In the non-cyclic alkenone series, regiosdectivity in the hydrodimerization step is not well controlled. Dissolving metal reducing agents such as sodium amalgam,... 

Electron transfer is typical for cathodic reduction in electrochemical methods as well as for reductions by metals and metallic reducing agents ... 

In some cases the presence of a metal reducing agent is superfluous since PF3 can act as both a reducing agent and as a ligand (method E). 

The radical destroyed in reaction (6-44) is not available for initiating polymerization. There is thus an optimum, low level of transition metal reducing agent for efficient generation of radicals. 

Where a reactive lower oxidation state results, a key concern is the necessary protection of the reduced complex from air or other potential oxidants, as they are often readily reoxidized. Usually, this requires their handling in special apparatus such as inert-atmosphere boxes or sealed glassware in the absence of oxygen. Where active metal reducing agents (such as potassium) are employed, special care with choice of solvent is also necessary. The nickel reduction reaction (6.33) can be performed in liquid ammonia as solvent, since the strongly-bound cyanide ions are not substituted by this potential ligand. 

---