Metal-oxygen binding energies

A relatively low metal-oxygen binding energy, allowing anions to disengage and diffuse through the lattice. 

Greeley J, Nprskov JK. 2005. A general scheme for the estimation of oxygen binding energies on binary transition metal surface alloys. Surf Sci 592 104-111. 

An alternative, but related, approach to reduce Ft content and yet increase catalytic activity is the nanostructured core-shell approach taken by Adzic and co-workers [41]. As an example, a cartoon of a core-shell structure is illustrated in Figure 14.5, in which a nanostructured catalyst particle is shown that has a Ft monolayer surface with a Fd sublayer on top of a core material of metal M. This core-shell nanostructure is architected to take into account the surface contraction effects that shift the d-band center and reduce the oxygen binding energy, the natural surface segregation effects, and the stability offered by a contiguous monolayer. Clearly, the amount of Ft is reduced because the core can be made of less costly materials. 

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