Drug metabolism interactions

DG Bailey, JMO Arnold, JD Spence. Inhibitors in the diet grapefruit juice-drug interactions. In RH Levy, KE Thummel, WE Trager, PD Hansten, M Eichelbaum, eds. Metabolic Drug Interactions New York Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2000, pp. 661-667. 

Silverman JA. P-glycoprotein. In Levy RH, Thummel KE, Trager WF, et al., eds. Metabolic Drug Interactions. Philadelphia, PA Lippincott, Williams Wilkins 2000. 

Source Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Guidance for Industry, Drug Metabolism/Drug Interaction Studies in the Drug Development Process Studies In Vitro, FDA, Rockville, MD, 1997, http //www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/clin3.pdf [accessed September 20,2007]. 

Fischer, V., Johanson, L., Heitz, F., Tullmann, R., Graham, E., Baldeck, J.P. and Robinson, W.T., The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor fluvastatin effect on human cytochrome P-450 and implications for metabolic drug interactions. Drug Metab. Dispos., 1999, 27, 410 16. 

Desai, K. M. and Wu, L. (2008). Free radical generation by methylglyoxal in tissues. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 23,151-173. 

Levy RH et al. Metabolic Drug Interactions. With information on drug metabolising enzymes, inhibitors and inducers. 

In summary, both Phase I and Phase II metabolic drug interactions are of clinical relevance because they alto the steady-state concentrations of drugs and thereby attenuate or enhance their pharmacological effects in extreme cases this can either lead to a lack of therapeutic efficacy of a drug or to drug intoxication. The purpose of drug plasma level measurements here is to adjust the dose to suit the new situation. 

Guidance for industry drug metabolism/drug interactions in the drug development process studies in vitro. Internet http //www.fda.gov/cder, April, 1997 (last accessed December 29, 2004). 

Dixit AA, Rao YM. Pharmacokinetic interaction between diltiazem and tolbutamide. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1999 15(4) 269-77. 

Agarwal, S. and Rao, A.V. 2000b. Carotenoids and chronic diseases. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 17, 189-210. 

So far, analysis has centered on metabolic drug interactions. But there are many pharmacokinetic interactions other than those occurring at enzymatic sites, such as those involving transporters or altered physiological function. 

Baker GB, Fang J, Sinha S, et al. Metabolic drug interactions with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998 22 325-333. 

Thummel KEK, Kent L, Shen DD. Metabolically-based drug-drug interactions principles and mechanisms. In Levy RH, ed. Metabolic Drug Interactions. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2000 3-19. 

Jayasagar G, Krishna Kumar M, Chandrasekhar K, et al. Influence of rifampicin pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib in healthy male volunteers. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 2003 19(4) 287-295. 

Carlson SP, Ragueneau-Majlessi I, Levy RH. Development of a metabolic drug interaction database at the University of Washington. In Rodrigues AD, ed. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 116. New York Marcel Dekker Inc, 2002 549-563. 

Ritchie JC, Mitchell SC, Smith RL. Sparteine metabolism in a Nigerian population. Drug Metabol Drug Interact 1996 13 129-135. 

The only other anesthetic to cause serious toxicity for which a metabolic drug interaction has been reasonably well characterized is the local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent lidocaine. Amiodarone decreased lidocaine systemic clearance in a patient (primarily by inhibition of CYP3A4 N-dealkylation of lidocaine) and yielded concentrations of lidocaine that led to seizures (78,79). 

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