Metabolic regulation control elements

The necessary control of metabolism and of growth is accomplished largely through mechanisms that regulate the locations, the amounts, and the catalytic activities of enzymes. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize these control mechanisms and to introduce terminology and shorthand notations that will be used throughout this book. Many of the control elements considered are summarized in Fig. 11-1. 

Metabolic regulation 535 — 581 control elements of 536 sensitivity coefficient 537 Metabolism. See also Specific compounds activation 507, 508 beta oxidation 511, 512 control by covalent modification reactions table 543... 

Enzymes as Control Elements in Metabolic Regulation Daniel E. Atkinson... 

Martin, J. F. Control of antibiotic synthesis by phosphate. Adv. Biochem. Eng. 6, 105 (1977) Weinberg, D. Secondary metabolism regulation by phosphate and trace elements. Folia Microbiol. 23, 496-504 (1978)... 

Of the protein kinases, protein kinase A is the best investigated and characterized (review Francis and Corbin, 1994). The functions of protein kinase A are diverse. Protein kinase A is involved in the regulation of metabolism of glycogen, lipids and sugars. Substrates of protein kinase A may be other protein kinases, as well as enzymes of intermediary metabolism. Protein kinase A is also involved in cAMP-stimulated transcription of genes that have a cAMP-responsive element in their control region (review Montminy, 1997). An increase in cAMP concentration leads to activation of protein kinase A which phosphorylates the transcription factor CREB at Ser 133. CREB only binds to the transcriptional coactivator CBP in the phosphorylated state and stimulates transcription (see Chapter 1.4.4.2). 

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