Merging distance

Figure 7.1 Energy as a function of the T—T distance (a), the T—T—T angle (b), andthe merging distance of two symmetry-related atoms (c) used in the simulation procedure. Reproduced with permission from [ 17], Copyright (1989) Nature Publishing...

Fig. 3.34 Experimental apparatus and definition of merging distance (a) experimental apparatus...

Considering these circumstances, the merging distance //c, is described in this section, based on experimental data obtained from a water model. 

Effect of Nozzle Inner Diameter on the Merging Distance... 

Equation (3.31) and Fig. 3.41 collectively indicate that the inertia force of the injected gas has little influence on the merging distance. 

The chain line in Fig. 3.43 denotes the merging distance from the nozzle exit, calculated from (3.26). For z> He the measured values of /b.ci agree well with the broken line, and accordingly, coalescence and breakup of bubbles hardly take place... 

The liquid flow characteristics specified, for example, by the mean velocity components, the rms values of the turbulence components, and the Reynolds shear stresses are nearly independent of the mean diameter of bubbles provided that the gas flow rate is the same [43]. The same will be shown to be true for the merged bubbling jet. That is, the liquid flow characteristics in the merged jet are not dependent on the bubble diameters. Therefore, if the merging distance. He, is much smaller than the bath depth, Hi, dual nozzle gas injections would not be useful for the enhancement of mixing in the baths. 

Iguchi M, Takahashi K, Kiuchi H (1999) Merging distance of two air-water vertical bubbling jets subjected to coanda effect. ISIJ Int 39 1311-1313... 

The graph brings up a problem for chemists seeking to define atomic and molecular size. The electron cloud lacks a clear boundary. While electron density decays rapidly with distance from the nucleus, nowhere does it fall to zero. Therefore, when atoms and molecules rub up against each other , their electron clouds overlap and merge to a small extent. 

When placed at a distance from the observer s eye the crosshatch lines merge and appear as a uniform shade of gray. There is a standard size for this chart (BS 2742C 1957), and this has the five shades from 0 to 4. The chart is usually viewed from a distance of 15 meters and hence has to be mounted on a tripod, which should not shadow the card. The chart should be set up in such a position that the smoke being measured has the same sky background as the chart. It should not be placed so that the sun is either directly behind the chart or directly in front of it. Comparisons can then be made between the shade of the smoke and that on the card. 

Experimentally, two modes of extinction, based on the separation between the twin flames are observed. Specifically, the extinction of lean counterflow flames of n-decane/02/N2 mixtures occurs with a finite separation distance, while that of rich flames exhibits a merging of two luminous flamelets. The two distinct extinction modes can be clearly seen in Figure 6.3.2. As discussed earlier, the reactivity of a positively stretched flame with Le smaller (greater) than unity increases (decreases) with the increasing stretch rate. Therefore, the experimental observation is in agreement with the... 

FIGURE 4.5 Clustering in ID separations, (a) Resolution between adjacent SCs defines the critical distance Axo. (b) interdistances between adjacent SCs (fourth through seventh SC) are considered. I > Ax0, II < Ax0, and III > Ax0. Thus fifth and sixth SC are merged in the same band (doublet) that is completely separated from the previous and subsequent bands. 

The 1—4 distance and the 1—B or 1—N distance were the only variables. [4] and [5] are separated by a considerable barrier. In the case of the base, three minima are present, corresponding to isomers [4] and [5] and the adduct [9]. In the case of the acid, only one minimum, that corresponding to the adduct [5], is present, since it is possible to go from [4] and [5] to [5] without any barrier. This means that on approach of BH3, the two species [4] and [5] merge into the zwitterion [5], i.e. acid catalyzes the isomer interconversion, while base does not. 

---