Membrane systems design performance monitoring

Data collection and analysis is critical for monitoring system performance. As a minimum the data must be entered in Table 4.7. Mathematical relations for converting field data to performance data are given in Chapter 2. Normalised data must be plotted to study the performance trends, for example RO membrane rejection vs. time and RO productivity vs. time. The key performance parameters in Tables 4.8 and 4.9 should be used in conjunction with normahsed data to evaluate system output. The data along with RO systems design guidelines provided in Chapter 2, and RO projections given in Table 4.1 should be used to monitor and troubleshoot the performance over time. 

Artificial Systems (PAMPA) Some artificial systems are widely used as an alternative to Caco-2 cell culture to evaluate drug permeability. An example of these is the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay (PAMPA). PAMPA is usually performed in a 96-well microtiter plate format that consists of test wells fixed with an artificial hydrophobic membrane and reference wells (Kansy et al., 1998). Test compounds are applied at one side of the membrane, and the permeability rates are monitored at the receiving side. The properties of the membrane (lipophilicity and thickness) control the rate of permeability. Different membranes could be designed to mimic the passive... 

This dynamic analysis procedure enables us to obtain these basis data by knowing the surface porosity of a fouling layer and the real-time variation in the fouling layer thickness. In summary, the adopted dynamic procedure proves itself to be useful tool not only for designing a membrane filtration system but also for predicting or monitoring the system performance during plant operation. 

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