Membrane Electrode interaction potential

An electrode in which an antibody or an antigen/hapten is incorporated in the sensing element is termed an immunoelectrode . The potential response of the immuno-electrode is based on an immunochemical reaction between the sensing element of the electrode and antibody or antigen/hapten in the sample solution. One example of such an electrode is the polymer membrane electrode shown in Fig. 7. The selective response of this electrode to specific immunoglobulins is based on the interaction between antibody in solution and an antigen-ionophore complex in the membrane ... 

A significant development in the methodology of potentiometry that paved the way for its utility in bioanalysis was the discovery of the ion selective electrode (ISE). Conceptually, the ISE involves the measurement of a membrane potential. The response of the electrochemical cell is therefore based on an interaction between the membrane and the analyte that alters the potential across the membrane. The selectivity of the potential response to the analyte depends on the specificity of the membrane interaction for the analyte. 

Due to the presence of interactions, the apparent redox potential of a redox couple inside a polyelectrolyte film can differ from that of the isolated redox couple in solution (i.e. the standard formal redox potential) [121]. In other words, the free energy required to oxidize a mole of redox sites in the film differs from that needed in solution. One particular case is when these interations have an origin in the presence of immobile electrostatically charged groups in the polymer phase. Under such conditions, there is a potential difference between this phase and the solution (reference electrode in the electrolyte), knovm as the Donnan or membrane potential that contributes to the apparent potential of the redox couple. The presence of the Donnan potential in redox polyelectrolyte systems was demonstrated for the first time by Anson [24, 122]. Considering only this contribution to peak position, we can vwite ... 

Electrochemical research on DNA is of great relevance to explain many biological mechanisms. The DNA-modified electrode is a very good model for simulating the nucleic acid interaction with cell membranes, potential environmental carcinogenic compounds and to clarify the mechanisms of action of drugs used as chemotherapeutic agents. 

Many organic compounds involved in photosynthesis accept or donate electrons (see Table 5-3). The negatively charged electrons spontaneously flow toward more positive electrical potentials (A > 0), which are termed redox potentials for the components involved with electron flow in chlo-roplast lamellae (Fig. 1-10) or the inner membranes of mitochondria (Fig. 1-9). Redox potentials are a measure of the relative chemical potential of electrons accepted or donated by a particular type of molecule. The oxidized form plus the reduced form of each electron transfer component can be regarded as an electrode, or half-cell. Such a half-cell can interact with other electron-accepting and electron-donating molecules in the membrane, in which case the electrons spontaneously move toward the component with the higher redox potential. 

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