Medical Care and Surface Chemistry

Injury to any part of the human body leads to blood loss, and in general, healing requires fast clotting in order to reduce excess loss. Each soldier in the U.S. army carries a sponge or powder that contains clotting agents. These treatments are found 

When any liquid is cooled below its freezing point, it would be expected to simply freeze and form a solid phase. However, this phase transition is not so simple in reality. A liquid phase, on cooling below the freezing point, will change to a solid phase, or, a gas phase, on cooling, would change over to a liquid phase at the appropriate temperature and pressure. The changing of water vapor to liquid may well be a central concern to humans as adequate fresh water sources become scarcer. 

However, one finds that, in cooling a liquid below its freezing point, the liquid may not always turn into solid phase at the freezing point. In fact, in some cases, such as water, even at around -40°C, liquid water does not turn into a solid phase. It stays in what is called a supercooled state. A major phenomena is the freezing of supercooled clouds. However, if certain so-called nucleating agents are used, then the clouds would turn into liquid droplets (and form rain). The nucleation process is a surface phenomena and is observed in transitions from 

The state of ions in the electrical double layer (schematic). 

Different layered substances on solids Self-assembly structures at interfaces Solid surfaces 

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