Media from effluent analysi

An analysis of water samples of one of the tributaries of Brahmini in Orissa indicated high levels of fluoride [14]. The Damodar catchment, particularly the segment from Giddi in Bihar to Durgapur in West Bengal has about 50 major industries wiA many medium-and small-scale adjuncts. About 6 million m of untreated industrial waste effluent, and... 

It will be apparent from the previous section that ion-selective electrodes can be made suitable for analysis in the field and that, in circumstances where the overall composition of the medium is not too variable, they may also be used directly to monitor metal ion and/or anions in plant streams, effluents, water supplies and even rivers. In such applications of ion-selective electrodes, however, it is necessary to avoid electrical pick-up and ground loops by correct placement and shielding of the electrodes. There are also many other situations where the capabiUties of electrochemistry and the characteristics of an analysis can be matched to allow the manufacture of on-line or portable devices. The actual measurement may be the potential of an ion-selective electrode, the mass-transport-controlled current at an electrode held at constant potential or even conductivity. This latter measurement, for example, remains the optimum way of estimating the total salt concentration in solution. 

In APCI, the effluent from the HPLC is heated and sprayed with a high flow of nitrogen from a nebulizer, which generates an aerosol. This aerosol is subjected to a corona discharge to form ions of the sample components. In APCI, the ionization is in the gas phase, unlike ionization from the liquid phase in ESI. The APCI source allows improved analysis of non-polar and medium polar volatile compounds. 

LEE B H and PICARD G A (1982) Chemical analysis of unicellular algal biomass from synthetic medium and sewage effluent. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal - Journal De L Institut Canadien De Science Et Technologie Alimentaires, 15,58-64. 

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