Measures self-reporting

Significantly, all these studies, including our own, are limited by the use of self-report measures. Self-reported symptoms are not, of course, a good guide to findings on clinical examination (McCauley et al., 1999). High rates of reported symptoms do not necessarily reflect high rates of physical disorder. Indeed, if that were the case it would contradict a considerable body of literature on the nature of somatic symptoms in the community. 

The General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) (Atchison, 1997 Tubert-Jeannin et al., 2003). This 12-item questionnaire measures self-report oral functional problems together with the psychosocial impacts associated with oral disease. The maximum score is 60. A score of 57-60 corresponds to a good oral quality of life, while a score of 50 or less reflects a poor oral quality of life. 

Morisky, D.E., Green, L.W. 8c Levine, D. M. (1986). Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med. Care, 24, 67-74. 

Scarmo SN, Cartmel B, Gellermann W, Ermakov IV, Leffell DJ, Lin H, and Mayne ST (2009), Perceived bitter taste and fruit and vegetable intake measured by self-report and an objective indicator, unpublished. 

Dissociation is the core feature of the dissociative disorders it is defined by the DSM-IV as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 477). Dissociation is usually assessed as a continuum, most often using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES Bemstein-Carlson Putnam, 1986), a 28-item self-report measure. The DES items are rated on a scale reflecting the frequency of dissociative experiences (O-to-100% in 10% intervals). Factor analyses of DES items have led to the development of three subscales (Carlson et al., 1993 Frischholz, Braun, Sachs, Schwartz, 1991 Ross, Joshi, Currie, 1991). They are (a) Absorption, which reflects dissociation from surroundings (e.g., daydreaming) (b) Amnesia, which reflects dissociation from past experiences and (c) Depersonalization-Derealization, which reflects dissociation from the body or senses. 

Frischholz, E. J., Braun, B. G., Sachs, R. G., Schwartz, D. R. (1991). Construct validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) I. The relationship between the DES and other self-report measures of DES. Dissociation Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 4, 185-188. 

Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E.,. Constantino, M. J. (1997, November). Examination of the reliability and validity of the GAD-Q-1V A revised self-report measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Miami, FL. 

Hopkins Symptom Checklist. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) is a scale that has been used to measure the presence and intensity of various symptoms in outpatient neurotic patients. It is a 58-item self-rating scale and has generally been replaced by the Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SCL-90). It measures the symptoms during the past week and requires approximately 20 minutes to complete. There are five subtests somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. 

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