Measurement measurement

Acoustic Measurements. Measurement of the propagation of ultrasonic acoustic waves has been found useful for determining the viscoelastic properties of thin films of adhesives. In this method, the specimen is clamped between transmitting and receiving transducers. The change in pulse shape between successive reverberation of the pulse is dependent on the viscoelastic properties of the transmitting material. Modulus values can be calculated (267,268). 

Flow Measurement Measurement of flow rates of clean gases presents no problem. Flow measurement of dirty gases is usually... 

Measure of averaging time Cyclic factor measured Measurement method with same averaging time Effect with same averaging time... 

The second model evaluated was the Lagrangian Photochemical Model LPM (54), a trajectory model. Backward trajectories were first determined so that starting positions could be used which would allow trajectories to reach station locations at the times of measurement. Measured concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 0.26 ppm and estimated concentrations from 0.05 to 0.53 ppm. 

Mass, n. measure measurement dimension size gage titer proportion, extent, degree manner, -abweichimg,/. deviation from size, -analyse, /. volumetric analysis. 

Mlelenz, K. D., Ed. Optical Radiation Measurements Measurement of Photoluminescence Academic Mew York, 1982 Vol. 3. 

In the relatively simple examples that follow, the system parameters are assumed to be known. Finding them may require a sophisticated effort in modeling and measurement. Measurement techniques are discussed in Section 11.1.2. 

The preparation and characterization by chemisorption (H/Ft = 0.9 for 1 wt.% catalyst and 1.0 for 0.5 wt.% catalyst) of the catalysts have been described.( ) The data were obtained In the catalyst cell previously described (2 ) either by transmission measurements, measuring... 

Equilibrium measurements measure the relative AG, and thermochemical studies generally are interested in enthalpy values, AH. The enthalpy can be obtained from AG by using the relation AG = AH — TAS. The entropy of proton transfer can either be estimated, reliably calculated using electronic structure calculations, or can be measured directly by using a Van t Hoff approach. Measuring the quantity AS requires a variable temperature study. 

The net retention volume and the specific retention volume, defined in Table 1.1, are important parameters for determining physicochemical constants from gas chromatographic data [9,10,32]. The free energy, enthalpy, and. entropy of nixing or solution, and the infinite dilution solute activity coefficients can be determined from retention measurements. Measurements are usually made at infinite dilution (Henry s law region) in which the value of the activity coefficient (also the gas-liquid partition coefficient) can be assumed to have a constant value. At infinite dilution the solute molecules are not sufficiently close to exert any mutual attractions, and the environment of each may be considered to consist entirely of solvent molecules. The activity... 

Applications Lattimer [37] has reported high-resolu-tion measurements (measured and calculated mass, atomic composition) of product scans of several PP additives (Irganox 1076/3114, Tinuvin 144/622/770, Goodrite 3150, Chimassorb 944) using a sector mass spectrometer of BEoQ geometry. Figure 6.2 and Table 6.8... 

Activation energy for reaction based on small particle rate measurements Measured rate for small particles (extrapolated) Measured rate for 0.5 in. pellets... 

An important group of analytical methods is based on measurements of the change in isotopic ratio when active and non-active isotopes are mixed. In the simplest case, a known amount w1 of labelled analyte of known specific activity at is added to the sample. After isotopic mixing has been established sufficient of the analyte is separated (nor normally 100%) to allow the new specific activity a2 to be measured. Measurements of activity and the amount of the analyte separated are thus required. Subsequently the amount w2 of analyte in the sample may be calculated from equation (10.17). 

Defensive measures measures taken to reduce or mitigate the consequences of a runaway to an acceptable level. 

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