Measurements, 14 illus

Observation 1 is an illusion due to the fact that the above numbers measure the overall spread in one dimension (vertical or horizontal), and do not take into account the correlation between the results A and B that is very much in evidence in the right side of Fig. 4.22 (automatic injection), also see Fig. 1.23. The variability can be measured in five different ways (see Table 4.20) ... 

The credibility of the commitment to maintain and even improve the public funding of medicines in the short and long term renders it necessary to take measures aimed at reducing the imperfection and inequality of users /voters information about the fact that not all pharmaceuticals are equally effective or necessary, and that there is no worse enemy for the public provision of pharmaceuticals (and indeed one s state of health) than the illusion that it is possible to indiscriminately continue to provide any drug to anyone regardless of its effectiveness and cost. 

Measurements commonly involve systematic errors. These are errors that are reproducibly introduced in each measurement because of the construction, use, or calibration of the equipment (as in the case of the stretched scale). The precision of the results may give the illusion of accuracy in such cases. For this reason, it is desirable to make a measurement by various entirely different methods. If the results still show high precision (close agreement with one another), then it is unlikely that systematic errors exist. The accuracy of the measurement can also be tested by using the same measurement methods on a "standard sample" whose value has been certified by some reliable institution, such as the National Bureau of Standards. 

The development of a simple fast-scan polarographic method for the determination of the A4-3-ketosteroid flurandrenolone in pharmaceutical preparations has been reported [134]. The polarographic peak due to the reduction of the carbon-fluorine bond is measured in ointments and creams to determine concentrations as low as 0.01 % w/w. Pulse polarographic procedures have been described for progesterones [135], A4-3-ketosteroids [136], hydrocortisone [137], and flucytosine [138] in pharmaceutical preparations. Recent studies have illus-... 

Currently, measurements of amino acid composition are usually carried out on an amino acid analyzer, a device that automates the previously described operations. As illus-... 

Bernd Tesche (1994) has verified in the meantime that approximately the same values are valid for H4. These values agree remarkably well with those from the (old) multiple-pulse line-narrowing experiment and one might be tempted to conclude that this is it. It would be an illusion to expect still better agreement because the calculation was done for an isolated molecule, whereas the measurement includes intermolecular shielding contributions. These contributions can be estimated (but not more than that) on the basis of a point dipole model (Post, 1978 Avara-mudhan and Haeberlen, 1979). For malonic acid we expect that these contributions do not exceed 0.5 ppm for the various elements of the a tensor. 

X-ray diffraction measurements as described above only provide the amplitudes of the diffracted waves. One must have the phase angles of all measured waves relative to a common origin in order to image the molecule using a Fourier analysis. Figure 11.5 illus-... 

Any imagination of the past which excludes the present is an illusion because it drains energy from our only point of power choice in the Now. The authentic shaman never forgets this -- his effectiveness is measured by his pragmatic compre- hension and acceptance of the One World. In contrast, the romantic traditionalist is almost always a dilettante. 

As in the OpBr case (above in Section 7.2.01. deuterating DliK has a different result. It has no measurable effect on (RMgBr) or (RID. consistent with the proposition that there is no effect on the product distribution at all 2(). This is probably an illusion. If no products other than RMgBr and Rll had been determined for reactions of CpBr. the results would have been similar and the effects of solvent deuteralioii on yields (RRl and (SSl would have been missed, l or 1 bromo 1-melhyl-... 

The existence of a chemical isomer shift produced by the change in nuclear radius and differing chemical environments was first demonstrated by Kistner and Sunyar [15] in 1960 for the case of a stainless steel source and an absorber of a-FeaOs. Early work quickly showed that the chemical isomer shift measured was related to the formal oxidation state of the iron. This is illus-... 

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