Means equivalence

For each of the following terms, write a sentence that shows your understanding of its meaning, equivalence point end-point... 

It seems to be realistic to relate catalytic activity to the most stable [111] plane of fee metals. Bond (135) describes the electron structure of the this plane. So-called 2g electron orbitals point toward those interstices where metal atoms in the subsequent overlayer would be accommodated. These orbitals have metallic character. So-called orbitals point toward the next nearest neighbor. These are localized and able to form real covalent bonds. The degree of hybridization of these orbitals is imknown. Knor (136) assumes that only orbitals would stick out of the plane, but they are almost completely hybridized. He assumes that the /2g electrons are parts of the electron gas of the metal. The and sites are by no means equivalent. 

Preliminary experiments showed that it was necessary to oscillate 7% of the total fuel flow to achieve useful attenuation and that the result was insensitive to phase within 30° of the optimum. Control performance was sensitive to the mean equivalence ratio in the pilot stream. Figure 19.4a shows that the attenuation was maximum when the equivalence ratio in the pilot stream was close to unity. Figure 19.46 shows that the attenuation increased to around 12 dB as the equivalence ratio was increased from the lean stability limit of around 0.65 in the annular duct to 0.7. The attenuation declined, however, with further increase in overall equivalence ratio and was negligible for values... 

Figure 19.4 Active control by oscillation of fuel in pilot stream aimnlar flow arrangement Um = 7.5 m/s Up = 8 m/s Re j = 40,000 bnlk mean velocity of oscillated fuel jet, Uj = 20 m/s mean equivalence ratio 4>j of oscillated fuel jet = 2.5 (a) cj>m = 0.68 (6) bp = 1.1 1 — without control 2 — with control and 3 — attenuation...

The needle valve oscillated up to 12% of the total fuel, and flow rates larger than around 3% of the total implied that the bulk mean velocity in the axial jet was greater than the bulk flow in the swirler and the mean equivalence ratio was greater than unity. It was found that the amplitude of oscillations was unaffected by values of bulk mean velocity of the axial jet greater than 2.5 times that in the swirler for a main flow swirl number of 1.35, and 4 times that value for a swirl number of 0.6. Larger values of axial jet velocity led to a decrease in amplitude due to the penetration of the swirl-induced recirculation region by the jet and the consequences for the distribution of heat release. 

Equivalent radius mean equivalent radius, standard... 

Table 8-2 Mean Equivalent Length L, lor Radiation from Entire Gas Volume, According to...

Total flow rate (kg/s) Mean equivalence ratio a i 4>2... 

Since the mode of ionization of the salt is not known, it is not possible to determine the equivalent weight and hence the equivalent conductance cannot be calculated it is necessary, therefore, to make use of the molar conductance, as defined on p. 31. In the simple case of a series of salts all of which have one univalent ion, either the cation or anion, whereas the other ion has a valence of z, the gram molecule contains z gram equivalents the molar conductance is thus z-timcs the equivalent conductance. If the mean equivalent conductance of all ions is taken as 60, the equivalent conductance of any salt is 120 ohms cm., and the molar conductance is 120 z ohms" cm. The approximate results for a number of salts of different valence types with one univalent ion at 25 are given in Table XXL The observed molar conductances of the platinosammine... 

Fig. 38. Ratio of D, ujD as a function of the amount of coke deposited for three HZSM-5 specimens (crystal type, as shown in Fig. 42, with mean equivalent diameters of 8.5 /Am (A), 14 /im ( ), and 28 /iw (v) and an HZSM-5 polycrystalline grain (O cf. Fig. 43) (131-133).

The corresponding theoretical curve is shown in Figure 1. It is apparent that this curve fits the experimental data well, whereas the theoretical curve calculated assuming a mean equivalent spherical radius gives only a rather poor fit. In this type of system in which there is present a significant range of crystal sizes, the assumption of a mean equivalent spherical radius is a rather poor approximation which can lead to significant errors in the calculated diffusivities. 

In version 1, the definition is qualified by the statement In the last case of this definition, let logically equivalent mean equivalent according to the rules of classical two-valued propositional calculus. This qualification means, in effect, that Definition 1 defines the system of classical, two-valued logic. The definition is employed in the following theorem ... 

Prego et al., 1998). The embryo that surrounds the perisperm is dicotyledonous and is part of the bran fraction of the seed it is high in proteins and lipids, and contains most of the ash, fiber, and saponins (Mastebroek et al., 2000 Varriano-Marston and DeFrancisco, 1984). The shape of QS is similar to a flattened sphere their mean equivalent diameter varies from 1.4 to 1.6 mm (Chauhan et al., 1992a,b Vilche et al., 2003). As mentioned previously, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are the main component of the seeds, and they are mostly responsible for the functional properties that have made them new ingredients in the development of new products. 

Real foams are typically polydisperse2, which results in changes in the shape of foam cells. The Plateau rules (three films form a border four borders meet at a node) remain valid in all cases. The degree of dispersion in foam may be characterized by its specific surface area. One, however, usually measures some mean values of foam cell geometrical parameters, such as the average number of cells per unit volume, n, or the mean equivalent radius,7,... 

The mere fact that a substantial change can be broken down into a very large number of small steps, with equilibrium (with respect to any applied constraints) at the end of each step, does not guarantee that the process is reversible. One can modify the gas expansion discussed above by restraining the piston, not by a pile of sand, but by the series of stops (pins that one can withdraw one-by-one) shown in figure A2.1.3. Each successive state is indeed an equilibrium one, but the pressures on opposite sides of the piston are not equal, and pushing the pins back in one-by-one will not drive the piston back down to its initial position. The two processes are, in fact, quite different even in the infinitesimal limit of their small steps in the first case work is done by the gas to raise the sand pile, while in the second case there is no such work. Both the processes may be called quasi-static but only the first is anywhere near reversible. (Some thermodynamics texts restrict the term quasi-static to a more restrictive meaning equivalent to reversible , but this then leaves no term for the slow irreversible process.)... 

As will be seen later on, the 4 stroke-fuel ticket might be very different from the present average a lot of imiovations are in sight. In sight, is by no means, equivalent to predictable who would have, 15 years ago, forecast the huge discrepancies between developped countries on the diesel share market ... 

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