MATERIALS-RELATED LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

This section describes the experimental details for six modules that are appropriate for undergraduate curricula. These experiments were reproduced with permission from the Journal of Chemical Education, published by the Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society (http //jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/ index.html). Herein, we provide a few representative modules the breadth of experiments will be expanded in future editions of this textbook, to include other materials classes such as ceramics, metals, polymers, semiconductors, superconductors, and magnetic materials. 

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In part II of the present report the nature and molecular characteristics of asphaltene and wax deposits from petroleum crudes are discussed. The field experiences with asphaltene and wax deposition and their related problems are discussed in part III. In order to predict the phenomena of asphaltene deposition one has to consider the use of the molecular thermodynamics of fluid phase equilibria and the theory of colloidal suspensions. In part IV of this report predictive approaches of the behavior of reservoir fluids and asphaltene depositions are reviewed from a fundamental point of view. This includes correlation and prediction of the effects of temperature, pressure, composition and flow characteristics of the miscible gas and crude on (i) Onset of asphaltene deposition (ii) Mechanism of asphaltene flocculation. The in situ precipitation and flocculation of asphaltene is expected to be quite different from the controlled laboratory experiments. This is primarily due to the multiphase flow through the reservoir porous media, streaming potential effects in pipes and conduits, and the interactions of the precipitates and the other in situ material presnet. In part V of the present report the conclusions are stated and the requirements for the development of successful predictive models for the asphaltene deposition and flocculation are discussed. 

All adsorbents have upper limits to the amount of arsenic that they can adsorb from air, water, or other fluids. That is, there is a finite number of adsorption sites on each gram of adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity, which is often measured in molal, represents the highest concentration of a solute (such as arsenic) that can be adsorbed by a given mass of a particular adsorbent. The maximum adsorption capacity is routinely obtained from laboratory experiments and measurements, and is closely related to the cation exchange capacity (cec) or anion exchange capacity (aec) of the materials. The cec or aec provide... 

It is widely accepted that most earthquakes are due to frictional processes on pre-existing faults. The friction is therefore an important empirical ingredient of a fault model [43]. Numerous laboratory experiments have been carried out to characterize frictional behavior of different materials (see e.g. [14]). An important finding is that the friction defined as the ratio of shear stress Tghear and normal stress Tnormal, P-f = Tshear jr-aormal at the initiation of slip, is approximately constant for many materials the value oi Pf lies between 0.6 and 0.85. This observation, known as Byerlee s law, is related to the Coulomb failure criterion ]11] for the Coulomb stress CS,... 

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