Materials high-temperature corrosion

Saito Y, Oenay B and Maruyama T (eds) 1992 High Temperature Corrosion of Advanced Materials and Protective Coaf// gs (Amsterdam North-Flolland)... 

At very high and very low temperatures, material selection becomes an important design issue. At low temperatures, the material must have sufficient toughness to preclude transition of the tank material to a brittle state. At high temperatures, corrosion is accelerated, and thermal expansion and thermal stresses of the material occur. 

An excellent reference book for the high-temperature corrosion resistance of materials of construction is George Y. Lai, High-Temperature Corrosion of Engineering Alloys, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990. 

Nuclear thermochemical and high temperature electrolysis High temperature corrosion-resistant materials Advanced catalysts and membrane materials Durable electrode and seal materials for high temperature electrolysis... 

T. A. Ramanarayanan and C. M. Chun, Chapter 6 Metal Dusting Corrosion of Metals and Alloys, New Development in High Temperature Corrosion and Protection of Materials, Ed. W. Gao and Z. Li, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK p.80-116 (2008). 

If local stresses exceed the forces of cohesion between atoms or lattice molecules, the crystal cracks. Micro- and macrocracks have a pronounced influence on the course of chemical reactions. We mention three different examples of technical importance for illustration. 1) The spallation of metal oxide layers during the high temperature corrosion of metals, 2) hydrogen embrittlement of steel, and 3) transformation hardening of ceramic materials based on energy consuming phase transformations in the dilated zone of an advancing crack tip. 

High-temperature corrosion and wear is encountered in various industries such as waste incineration, fossil energy, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, chemical and petrochemical, mining and smelting operations. One of the methods to combat corrosion and wear and its control is to select suitable material, i.e., an alloy, for the plant design and maintenance. The selection of proper material for plant design and fabrication is followed... 

Fdrthmann, R., and A. Naoumidis, 1990, Influence of hot gas corrosion on the bending strength of silicon carbide materials, in High Temperature Corrosion of Technical Ceramics (R J. Fordham, Ed.), Elsevier Applied Science, London, U.K., p. 217. 

In selecting metals and alloys as materials of construction, one must have knowledge of how materials fail, for example is, how they corrode, become brittle with low-temperature operation, or degrade as a result of operating at high temperatures. Corrosion, embrittlement, and other degradation mechanisms such as creep will be described in terms of their threshold values. Transient or upset operating conditions are common causes of failure. Examples include start-ups and shutdowns, loss of coolant, the formation of dew point water, and hot spots due to the formation of scale deposits on heat transfer surfaces. Identification and documentation of all anticipated upset and transient conditions are required. 

High-temperature corrosion problems are experienced mainly by boilers firing residual fuel oils. The corrosion is due primarily to the presence of vanadium, sodium, and sulfur compounds in the fuel oil (vanadium can be as high as 500 ppm, Na 300 ppm, and sulfur 40,000 ppm). During combustion the presence of these compounds react and give rise to complex low-melting-point materials that deposit on heat-transfer surfaces and supporting structures see reactions (17.1)—(17.3) (Niles and Sanders, 1962) ... 

Although high temperature corrosion can occur in many systems, given the conditions that promote the problem, it is usually in combustion systems that the problem is manifest. ESDU [1992] reviewed corrosion associated with combustion. The nature of the fuel involved, particularly its chemical composition, will affect the potential corrosion. In general given good combustion control, it is usually the impurities in the fuel that give rise to the problem. The impurities are often minerals that were included in the fiael when it was formed or, in the case of waste material, from the constituents of the waste. 

Fitzer, E., Schlichting, J. (1983), in High Temperature Corrosion Rapp, R. A. (Ed.). Houston National Association of Corrosion Engineers, pp. 604-614. Fitzer, E., Nowak, W, Maurer, H. J. (1978), in Materials and Coatings to Resist High Temperature Corrosion Holmes, D. R., Rahmel, A. (Eds.). London Applied Science, pp. 313-331. 

---