Marking agents dispersal

A disperse dye suspension responds somewhat differently when a surface-active solubilising agent is added. At low concentrations of this type of additive the saturation solubility of the dye remains relatively little changed, but when the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant is reached a sudden marked increase in dye solubility is observed [57]. When micelles of the surfactant begin to form in the solution, these provide a more amenable environment into which the dye molecules or dimers can transfer. Above the critical micelle concentration the increase in solubility of the dye is directly proportional to the concentration of surfactant present [1,56]. 

Additives are present in a paint in small amounts (typically less than 5 wt %), but can have a marked effect on the paint properties. They include antifoam, antisettling, and antiskinning agents, can-corrosion inhibitors, driers, dispersion aids, and many more. Details of these can be found in many books (e.g. Lamboume and Strivens, 1999). 

Anionic leveling agents. Promote migration and leveling of direct, disperse, and reactive dyes on cotton and polyester/ cotton blends. Provide enhanced dispersion stability with fine particle size. Effective lubricants which minimize rope marks. 

By the standard military classification of chemical warfare (CW) agents, cyanides are referred to as lethal blood agents (HMSO, 1987 Maynard, 1999). In the context of CW operational situations, it is likely that CN in the form of atmospherically dispersed material would be applicable for two military situations, namely, the use of low concentrations to cause mental and physical incapacitation and the generation of high concentrations for lethal purposes. For the former purposes, it is well-known that HCN vapor produces disturbances of consciousness and perception these coupled with muscle weakness and ataxia would lead to mental and physical incapacitation of troops and a marked reduction in their ability to conduct military tasks. 

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