Mark and Meyer

Fig. 10.5 Theories about the eonstitution of polymer materials . Left the theory of mieells by Mark and Meyer (1928) at the example of eellulose, right Herrmann Staudinger with a model of a polymer ehain...

The views of Mark and Meyer have been modified and extended by several authors, e.g. Katz [33], Rogovin [34], Kargin [35] and others [36]. The most serious objections to the Mark and Meyer s theory are (1) the hypothesis cannot explain the process of swelling, for it does not show why micelles are not destroyed when a liquid penetrates into the fibre (2) Staudinger s investigations on... 

H. Morawetz, Herman Francis Mark, May 3, 1895-April 6, 1992, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 68 (1995) 3-16 Furukawa, Inventing Polymer Science, in ref. 6, 76-82 and 197-200. For the controversy between Staudinger, Mark, and Meyer see C. Priesner, H. Staudinger,... 

In 1928, Mark and Meyer, measuring the osmotic pressure of rubber molecules in dilute solution, found molecular masses of the order of 4 x 10s. 

Staudinger s ideas were gaining popularity, but it was a 1928 paper by Herman Mark and Kurt Meyer that finally convinced chemists that Staudinger had been right. Mark and Meyer used x-ray crystallography to probe the structure of a crystalfized polymer and found that polymers were indeed long-chain molecules in which repeating xmits were linked by covalent bonds. 

C. Priesner, "Chemie in unseres Zeit.," 1979 (2), 43. Priesner gives a well referenced review of the polemics of Staudinger, Mark and Meyer. His book, "H. Staudinger, H. Mark and K Meyer... 

Mark (1895-1992) and Meyer (1893-1952) suggest that materials like caoutchouk or cellulose are made of small molecules aggregated to micells. 

Priesner, C. (1980). H, Staudinger, H, Mark und K, H, Meyer - Thesen zur Grofie und Struktur der Makromolekiile [H, Staudinger, H, Mark and K, H, Meyer — Theories about the Size and Structure of Macromolecules], Weinheim Verlag Chemie. 

The views of Staudinger, on the one hand, and Meyer and Mark, on the other, actually were not so far apart as the tenor of their polemics might indicate. Their agreement on the essential macromolecular nature of high polymers appears to have contributed materially to the rejection of the simple cyclic formulas widely accepted up to that time. 

Shortly after the publication of Meyer s paper Staudinger denounced the work of Meyer and Mark as what he called the "New Micelle Theory" (84). In a short time Staudinger and Meyer embarked on an exchange of polemical letters and papers which lasted for more than ten years. Mark, caught between recalled ... 

As a result of his studies, he restated and extended the concepts of Staudinger, and Meyer and Mark, with such careful reasoning and massive documentation that by his death the chain concept was accepted without further criticism (86). 

A half century later Mark said two developments prevented his "more active" involvement. One was his and Meyer s belief that Staudinger had completely established his priority in proposing long chains. The second was the work of W. H. Carother s which convinced him in 1929 that the long chain connection of natural and synthetic polymers would soon be irrevocably resolved. 

Female rats are more active than males in tests of locomotion (Wang 1923 Beatty 1979 Burke and Broadhurst 1966 Cronan et al. 1985 Rodier 1971 van Haaren and Meyer 1991 Kanyt et al. 1999 Booze et al. 1999, Harrod et al. 2004). This sex difference is markedly reduced in gonadectomized female rats, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones (Kanyt et al. 1999 Booze et al. 1999). In a pioneering study, Rosecrans (1972) had shown that nicotine facilitated spontaneous locomotor activity in females, but had no effect in males. 

The constitutional formula and molecular weight of cellulose determined on the basis of chemical and physico-chemical experiments has been confirmed by X-ray analysis, which has also led to the discovery of the microcrystalline structure of cellulose. Today the structural model proposed by Meyer and Mark [21] and Mark and Misch [22] based on the X-ray measurements of Polanyi [23] and Sponsler and Dore [24] and taking into consideration Haworth s conclusions about the existence... 

These very original features gave rise to a great amount of research in the 1930s (Guth, Mark, Khun, Meyer, etc.), and the results were synthetized in the 1940s by Flory (1953), in a theory which can be summarized, in its simplest version, as follows ... 

E.g., K.H. Meyer and H.F. Mark, Hochpo-lymere Chemie (Leipzig Akademische Ver-lagsgesellschaft, 1937) H.F. Mark, Aspects of high polymeric chemistry, Nature 142 (1938) 937-939 H.F. Mark and G. Stafford Whitby, "Introduction to Collected Papers of Wallace Hume Carothers , in H.F. Mark and G.S. Whitby (eds), Collected Papers of Wallace Hume Carothers on High Polymeric Substances, High Polymers (New York Interscience Publishers, 1940), VIII-X, on VIII. 

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