Warfare maritime

Mossop 1947, p. 399 [T he consequences of warfare at sea were confined to the combatants on either side they—tmd they alone— needed the protection conferred by the Convention.. .. In 1907 civilians stood safely outside the arena and required neither consideiation nor protection in a Convention expressly stated to be intended as an adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention relating to warfare on land. ... 

Hague Convention 111 (1899) Convention (III) for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864, The Hague. www.ircr.org/ihl.nsfAVebPrint/155-FULL70penDocument. Accessed 29 July 1899... 

LiddeU Hart 1991, p. 322. See also Strachan 2013, pp. 31-33 (where it is suggested this division of strategy into two levels is based on the work of J.F.C Fuller and the maritime warfare strategist, Julian Corbett. Juhan Corbett used major strategy and minor strategy. The former dealt with the whole resources of the nation, while the latter operational planning). 

Britain never again enjoyed the advantage of huge balance-of-payments surpluses that had marked the pre-1914 period. Victory had been achieved by a combination of Britain s traditional way of warfare -blockade, loans or subsidies to allies and maritime operations - and an unprecedented continental commitment, but it came at the price of a permanent weakening of British power. 

Keywords Law of naval warfare Warships Submarines Unmanned maritime systems Submarine communications cables Hospital ships Merchant vessels Methods and means of naval warfare Naval mines Torpedoes Blockade Exclusion zones Naval bombardment Protected persons... 

The most remarkable development of the law regarding methods of naval warfare seems to have occurred with regard to the legality of maritime exclusion zones. Under the traditional law, such zones were unlawM. Today, they seem to have become a recognized and lawful method of naval warfare, provided the restrictions laid down in the San Remo Manual are observed. Accordingly, an exclusion... 

Many of the traditional rules of naval warfare have not become obsolete but they either continue to apply or they are declaratory of a variety of customary principles governing the contemporary conduct of hostilities at sea. The current law of naval warfare is stiU characterized by a rather formal approach with regard to the entitlement to exercise belligerent rights at sea. However, States will increasingly make use of unmanned maritime systems, including offensive operations, and it is therefore necessary to clarify their legal status. 

Katz Y, Hendel Y (2012) Israel vs. Iran the shadow war. Potomac Books, Washington DC Keegan J (1993) The history of warfare. Wntage Books, New York Klaidman D (2012) Kill or capture. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York Kraska J (2011) Maritime power and the law of the sea. Oxford University Press, Oxford Kretzmer D (2013) The inherent right to self- defence and proportionality in jus ad bellum. Eur J Int Law 24 235-282... 

On November 13, 1972, the Convention on the Dumping of Wastes at Sea was agreed in London by representatives of 91 countries, including all of the world s principle maritime nations. The list of substances that may not be dumped includes biological and chemical warfare agents, certain kinds of oil, certain pesticides, durable plastics, poisonous metals and their compounds, and high-level radioactive waste. Enforcement is left to individual countries. 

Manley, R.G., 1997. Chemical weapon agent and historic chemical munitions disposal the British Experience. In Stock, T, Lohs, K. (Eds.), The Challenge of Old Chemical Munitions and Toxic Armament Wastes, Sipri Chemical and Biological Warfare Studies, vol. 16, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute/Oxford University Press, 231-240. Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Report on the Wreck of the SS Richard Montgomery, Southampton, November 2000. 

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