Marine ecosystems eutrophication

Nixon, S.W., Pilson, M.E.Q., Oviatt, C.A., Donaghay, P., Sullivan, B., Seitzinger, S., Rudnick, D. and Frithsen, 3., 1984. Eutrophication of a Coastal Marine Ecosystem- An experimental study using the MERL microcosms. In M.3.R. Fasham (ed.), Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems. Plenum Publishing Corporation, NY, pp. 105-135. 

Jprgensen, B.B. (1996) Material flux in the sediments. In Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems (Jprgensen, B.B., and Richardson, K., eds.), pp. 115-135, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 

Oviatt, C.A., Lane, P., French, F., and Donaghay, P. (1989) Phytoplankton species and abundance in response to eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems. J. Plankton Res. 11, 1223-1244. 

Smith, V. H. (2003). Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems A global problem. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 10(1), 1-14. 

Marino, 2006 NRC, 1993, 2000). At the national scale, policy makers and water-quality managers often did not consider or accept the evidence for nitrogen control of eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems, in part because of the political legacy left from heated debates in the 1960s and 1970s over whether phosphorus or carbon caused eutrophication in lakes (Howarth and Marino, 2006 NRC, 2000). Some... 

Howarth, R. W., and Marino, R. (2006). Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems Evolving views over 3 decades. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 364—376. 

Lapointe B. E. and O Connell J. D. (1989) Nutrient-enhanced productivity of Cladophroa prolifera in Harrington Sounds, Bermuda eutrophication of a confined, phosphorus-limited marine ecosystem. Est. Coast Shelf Sci. 28, 347-360. 

Richardson K. and Jprgensen B. B. (1996) Eutrophication definition, history, and effects. In Eutrophication in Coastal Marine Ecosystems Coastal and Estuarine Studies. Am. Geophys. Union Publ. (eds. B. B. Jprgensen and... 

In Europe the Baltic Sea, which receives almost 1.5 Mt N annually from agricultural runoff and atmospheric deposition, has been one of the most noticeably eutro-phied marine ecosystems. In many places the hypoxic, or outright anoxic, conditions of the sea s bottom sediments are attested to by the presence of extensive mats of Beggiatoa, bacteria that reduce CO2 and produce sulfates in the absence of oxygen. Appreciable eutrophication has also been observed in the Black, Mediterranean, and North Seas. 

It is very important to continue investigation and assessment of the impact of the regional climate change, pollution, eutrophication and other human activities on fish stocks and fishing, as well as impact of fishing on the ecosystem state, and to elaborate measures to protect species and habitats. Development of aquaculture could promote restoration of resources and reduction of a fishing pressure on marine living resources and Black Sea ecosystem. 

It has been estimated that riverine and atmospheric N inputs in the North Atlantic Ocean basin are at least equal to and may exceed N inputs by biological N2 fixation (Howarth et al., 1996 Paerl and WhitaU, 1999). Therefore, our understanding of marine eutrophication dynamics needs to consider a range of scales including ecosystem, watershed, regional and global. 

Micheli, F. (1999). Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumer-resource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science. 285, 1396—1398. 

Smith, S. V., and HoUibaugh, J. T. (1989). Carbon-controUed nitrogen cycling in a marine macrocosm An ecosystem-scale model for managing cultural eutrophication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Set. 52, 103-109. 

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