Marine algae differences

Since the late 1960s, several carbazole alkaloids oxygenated in the 3-position were isolated from diverse natural sources, the majority of which were isolated from different plant sources. However, in 1979, Moore et al. reported the isolation of two unusual, non-basic, 3-oxygenated carbazole alkaloids, hyellazole (245) and chloro-hyellazole (246), from the blue-green marine algae Hyella caespitosa (225). These alkaloids have structures entirely different from those of the carbazole alkaloids isolated from terrestrial plants. 

Vanadoproteins are found in most marine algae and seaweed and in some lichens.616 Among these are haloperoxidases,252 253 617 618b enzymes that are quite different from the corresponding heme peroxidases discussed in Section A,6. The vanadium is bound as... 

A number of structurally different enzymes have been characterized the heme-thiolate CPO from the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago (CfCPO), metal-free bacterial CPOs (CPO-L), and vanadium-containing CPOs (VCPOs) from marine algae. 

Schiel, D.R., Growth, survival and reproduction of two species of marine algae at different densities in natural stands, J. Ecol., 73, 199, 1985. 

As we have discussed, a variety of compounds from all classes of marine algae have now been tested for their effects on feeding by many different temperate and tropical herbivores. Many of these compounds effectively deter feeding by herbivores. However, there is considerable variance in the responses of different types of herbivores to even very similar compounds. Some metabolites inhibit feeding by most herbivores, whereas other compounds deter only a few herbivores.21,24 There is also considerable variation among different herbivores, even closely related species, in their responses to secondary metabolites from seaweeds. Thus, as the diversity of herbivore species increases, the probability of having herbivores that are not affected by any particular chemical defense undoubtedly increases. In these cases, complex mixtures of secondary metabolites253 or multiple defenses may be particularly important.27,29,31... 

Besides the discussed types of biological properties, OTCs showed different kinds of biocidal activity, e.g. trypanocidal , herbicidal , insecticidal (larvicidal and ovicidal ) they have also toxic effects on fresh water and marine algae . 

In order to find new sources of antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action, extracts of marine algae from all over the world were assayed for anti-HSV activity. The first screening of 89 types of seaweed collected from British Columbia, Canada and Korea for antiviral activity was reported by Kim et al. [66]. Analipus japonicus was the most potent anti-herpes algae. Extracts from 13 types of Korean seaweed previously shown to contain antiviral activity were investigated in more detail in order to learn their mechanism of action [14]. Four species, Enteromorpha linza, Colpomenia bullosa, Scytosiphon lomentaria and Undaria pinnatifida were active against HSV. In experiments to determine the site of action of these antiviral extracts, the predominant activity was virucidal (i.e., direct inactivation of virus particles) rather than inhibition of virus replication. 

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