Mapping indirect

A complete analysis is made by acquiring a number of radiographs (typically about 1000) of the same sample under different viewing angles (one orientation for each radiograph). A final computed reconstruction step is required to produce a 3D map of the linear attenuation coefficients in the material. This 3D map indirectly gives a picture of the structure density. In the X-ray-computed tomography, the X-ray source and detector are placed at the opposite sides of the sample. The spatial resolution of the attenuation map depends on the characteristics of both the detector and number of X-ray projections. 

Information about the behavior of the spin system during the evolution time can be obtained indirectly by observing its influence on a set of FIDs. Since the FIDs obtained portray the positions and status of the magnetization vectors, we can map the behavior of the nuclei during the evolution time from the FIDs. 

The biochemical mechanism of Mos action is not yet established. Mos has been found to phosphorylate cyclin B in vitro, and it is possible that this phosphorylation directly inhibits cyclin B proteolysis (Roy et al., 1990). However, such a direct effect of phosphorylation on cyclin B stability remains to be demonstrated, and it is alternatively possible that Mos inhibits (directly or indirectly) the proteolytic pathway responsible for cyclin B degradation. Mos has recently been found to stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in Xenopus oocytes,... 

Pathophysiology. Research into the pathophysiology of primary dystonia has demonstrated that this disorder is associated with widespread loss of inhibition and a loss of specificity in sensorimotor maps at the cortical level. The notion that dystonia may result from aberrant plasticity in susceptible individuals is also indirectly supported by the observation that the beneficial effect of neurosurgical interventions for dystonia, such as pallidotomy or DBS, is typically delayed for several weeks or months. 

A set of experiments on gas-liquid motion in a vertical column has been carried out to study its d3mamical behavior. Fluctuations volume fraction of the fluid were indirectly measured as time series. Similar techniques that previous section were used to study the system. Time-delay coordinates were used to reconstruct the underl3ung attractor. The characterization of such attractor was carried out via Lyapunov exponents, Poincare map and spectral analysis. The d3mamical behavior of gas-liquid bubbling flow was interpreted in terms of the interactions between bubbles. An important difference between this study case and former is that gas-liquid column is controlled in open-loop by manipulating the superficial velocity. The gas-liquid has been traditionally studied in the chaos (turbulence) context [24]. 

In crystal structure analyses of proteins, the presence of Ca ions is usually determined indirectly. Ions, being larger and more electron dense, are differentiated from water molecules based on their peak heights in electron density maps, and their high occupancies and low thermal motion parameters during least-squares refinement of the... 

---