Manufacturing-cost estimation rapid estimates

Budgeted income statements are identical in form to ac tual income statements. However, the budgeted numbers are objectives rather than achievements. Budgetary models based on mathematical equations are increasingly being used. These may be used to determine rapidly the effect of changes in variables. Variance analysis is discussed in the treatment of manufacturing-cost estimation. 

Rapid Manufacturing-Cost Estimates Fixed manufacturing costs are a func tion of the fixed-capital investment and are independent of the production rate of the plant. Property taxes or rates depend on location. They may be taken as 2 percent of the fixed-capital cost of the plant in the absence of specific data. The cost of insurance depends on both location and the hazardous nature of the materials handled. This cost is normally of the order of 1 percent of the fixed-capital cost of the plant. 

Although synthetic lubrication oil production amounts to only about 2% of the total market, volume has been increasing rapidly (67). Growth rates of the order of 20% per year for poly( a-olefin)s, 10% for polybutenes, and 8% for esters (28) reflect increasing automotive use and these increases would accelerate if synthetics were adopted for factory fill of engines by automotive manufacturers. The estimated production of poly( a-olefin)s for lubricants appears to be approximately 100,000 m /yr, esters 75,000, poly(alkylene glycol)s 42,000, polybutenes 38,000, phosphates 20,000, and dialkyl benzene 18,000 (28,67). The higher costs reflected in Table 18 (18,28) have restricted the volume of siUcones, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkylpolyethers, and polyphenyl ethers. 

Ruffo, M., C. J. Tuck, and R. J. M. Hague. 2006. Cost estimation for rapid manufacturing-laser sintering production for low to medium volumes. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220(9) 1417-1427. 

Since the introduction of the first commercially available atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in the early 1960s, there has been an increasing demand for better, faster, easier-to-use, and more flexible trace element instrumentation. A conservative estimate shows that today s market for atomic spectroscopy (AS)-based instruments, such as atomic absorption (AA), inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), represents over 700 million in annual revenue. After market sales and service costs are added to this number, it is probably close to 1 billion. As a result of this growth, we have seen a rapid emergence of more sophisticated equipment and easier-to-use software. Moreover, with an increase in the number of manufacturers of both instrumentation and sampling accessories, the choice of which technique to use is often unclear. 

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