Earth mantle

Macdonald R, Marshall AS, Dawson JB, Hinton RW, Hill PG (2002) Chevkinite-group minerals from salic volcanic rocks of the East African Rift. Mineral Mag 66 287-299 McKenzie D (1989) Some remarks on the movement of small melt fractions in the mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 95 53-72... 

Griffiths RW, Campbell IH (1991) On the dynamics of long-hved plume conduits in the convective mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 103 214-222... 

Hawkesworth CJ, Kempton PD, Rogers NW, Ellam RM, van Calsteren PW (1990) Continental mantle lithosphere, and shallow level enrichment processes in the Earth s mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 96 256-... 

McKenzie D (1985) The extraction of magma from the crast and mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 74 81-91 McKenzie D (1985) °Th- U disequilibrium and the melting process beneath ridge axes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 72 149-157... 

Albarede, F. Brouxel, M. (1987). The Sm/Nd secular evolution of the continental crust and depleted mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 82, 25-35. 

Hofmann, A. W. Hart, S. R. (1978). An assesment of local and regional isotopic equilibrium in the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 38, 44-62. 

Ringwood A. E. (1969). Phase transformations in the mantle. Earth Planet. Scl Letters, 5 401 12. 

Boyd SR, PUlinger CT, Mflledge HJ, Mendelssohn MJ, Seal M (1992) C and N isotopic composition and the infrared absorption spectra of coated diamonds evidence for the regional uniformity of CO2-H2O rich fluids in lithospheric mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 109 633-644... 

Agee, . B. and Walker, D. (1988) Mass balance and phase density constraints on early differentiation of chondritic mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 90, 144-156. 

Mantle (Earth) An ultramafic layer in the Earth s interior that exists between the crust and core. The mantle is located at depths of about 40 to 2900 km. 

Allegre, C. J., Staudacher, T., Sarda, P. (1987) Rare gas systematics Formation of the atmosphere, evolution, and structure of the Earth s mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 81, 127-50. 

Davies, G. F. (1999) Geophysically constrained mantle mass flow and the 40Ar budget A degassed lower mantle Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 166, 149-62. 

Dymond, X, Hogan, L. (1973) Noble gas abundance patterns in deep-sea basalts - primordial gases from the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 20, 131-9. 

O Nions, R. K., Tolstikhin, I. N. (1994) Behaviour and residence times of lithophile and rare gas tracers in the upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 124, 131-8. 

Energy released during impacts causes large embryos and planets to melt and differentiate, forming iron-rich cores and silicate mantles. Earth acquired most of its water before its core finished forming, possibly from the Asteroid Belt. It gained the last 1 % of its mass in the form of non-fractionated material after core formation was complete. 

Kato T., Ringwood A. E., and Irifune T. (1988a) Experimental determination of element partitioning between silicate perovskites, garnets and liquids constraints on early differentiation of the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89, 123-145. 

Moreira M., Breddam K., Curtice J., and Kurz M. D. (2001) Solar neon in the Icelandic mantle new evidence for an undegassed lower mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 185, 15-23. 

Ono S., Ito E., and Katsura T. (2001) Mineralogy of subducted basaltic crust (MORE) from 25 to 37 GPa and chemical heterogeneity of the lower mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 190, 57-63. 

Elliott T., Zindler A., and Bourdon B. (1999) Exploring the kappa conundrum the role of recycling on the lead isotope evolution of the mantle. Earth Planet. Set Lett. 169, 129-145. 

Schiano P., Birck J.-L., and Allegre C. J. (1997) Osmium-strontium-neodymium-lead isotopic covariations in midocean ridge basalt glasses and the heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 150, 363-379. 

White W. M. (1993) U/ Pb in MORE and open system evolution of the depleted mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 115, 211-226. 

Hamlyn P. R. and Bonatti E. (1980) Petrology of mantle-derived ultramafics from the Owen fracture zone. Northwest Indian Ocean implications for the nature of the oceanic upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 48, 65—79. 

McKenzie D. P. (1989) Some remarks on the movement of small melt fractions in the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Eett. 95, 53-72. 

Gasparik T. and Hutchison M. T. (2000) Experimental evidence for the origin of two kinds of inclusions in diamonds from the deep mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181(1-2), 103-114. 

Joswig W., Stachel T., Harris J. W., Baur W. H., and Brey G. P. (1999) New Ca-siUcate inclusions in diamonds-tracers from the lower mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173(1-2), 1-6. 

Menzies M. and Murthy V. R. (1980b) Nd and Sr isotope geochemistry of hydrous mantle nodules and their host alkali basalts imphcations for local heterogeneities in metasomatically veined mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 46,... 

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