Manipulation of results

Violation of generally accepted research practices. Serious deviation from accepted practices in proposing or carrying out research. Any manipulation of experiments to bring about desired results. Deceptive statistical or analytical manipulation of results or improper reporting of results. 

Hydrocarbons generally have very low electrical conductivities and manipulation of these fluids creates electrostatic charges that can result in fire or explosions. This problem is encountered with gasoline and kerosene. 

All amorphous polymers show remarkably similar results when values of log ay are plotted versus T - Tq. Manipulation of these data shows that the empirically determined shift factors can be fitted by the expression... 

Japan held 37.5% of the world antibiotic market ki 1988, the USA 23.2%, Italy 8.0%, the United Kingdom 5.4%, Germany 3.6%, and other countries 22.3% (20). The disproportionate size of the Japanese market is in part a consequence of the inherent strengths of Japanese industry which include expertise in fermentation technology and intensive chemical manipulation of known stmctures. In addition, antibiotic prescribing in Japan is extremely popular among doctors as a result of the Japanese reimbursement system. 

We need this speeial algebra to operate on the engineering equations as part of probabilistie design, for example the bending stress equation, beeause the parameters are random variables of a distributional nature rather than unique values. When these random variables are mathematieally manipulated, the result of the operation is another random variable. The algebra has been almost entirely developed with the applieation of the Normal distribution, beeause numerous funetions of random variables are normally distributed or are approximately normally distributed in engineering (Haugen, 1980). 

The advantage of the present method resides in the stability of the starting material and the manipulative advantage resulting from its solubility in organic solvents. 

The property of chirality is determined by overall molecular topology, and there are many molecules that are chiral even though they do not possess an asymmetrically substituted atom. The examples in Scheme 2.2 include allenes (entries 1 and 2) and spiranes (entries 7 and 8). Entries 3 and 4 are examples of separable chiral atropisomers in which the barrier to rotation results from steric restriction of rotation of the bond between the aiyl rings. The chirality of -cyclooctene and Z, -cyclooctadiene is also dependent on restricted rotation. Manipulation of a molecular model will illustrate that each of these molecules can be converted into its enantiomer by a rotational process by which the ring is turned inside-out. ... 

Due to its nature, random error cannot be eliminated by calibration. Hence, the only way to deal with it is to assess its probable value and present this measurement inaccuracy with the measurement result. This requires a basic statistical manipulation of the normal distribution, as the random error is normally close to the normal distribution. Figure 12.10 shows a frequency histogram of a repeated measurement and the normal distribution f(x) based on the sample mean and variance. The total area under the curve represents the probability of all possible measured results and thus has the value of unity. 

The two basic principles permit the algebraic manipulation of chemical reactions (represented by their stoichiometric equations and associated enthalpy changes) in order to achieve desired thermochemical results. 

Planimetry. The planimeter is a mechanical device which enables the peak area to be measured by tracing the perimeter of the peak. The method is slow but can give accurate results with experience in manipulation of the planimeter. Accuracy and precision, however, decrease as peak area diminishes. 

The measurement of filth elements by microanalysis is a valuable adjunct in the enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and serves as an efficient means of evaluating conditions of cleanliness, decency, and sanitation in food-producing plants. This, of course, is in addition to the value of microanalytical methods in the determination of the fitness of foods as they reach the consumer. The techniques available, together with proficiency of manipulation, repeated references to authentic materials, and sound judgment in the interpretation of results, provide effective enforcement weapons in the constant war to prevent the production and interstate distribution of products which are unfit for the table of the American consumer. 

AB diblock copolymers in the presence of a selective surface can form an adsorbed layer, which is a planar form of aggregation or self-assembly. This is very useful in the manipulation of the surface properties of solid surfaces, especially those that are employed in liquid media. Several situations have been studied both theoretically and experimentally, among them the case of a selective surface but a nonselective solvent [75] which results in swelling of both the anchor and the buoy layers. However, we concentrate on the situation most closely related to the micelle conditions just discussed, namely, adsorption from a selective solvent. Our theoretical discussion is adapted and abbreviated from that of Marques et al. [76], who considered many features not discussed here. They began their analysis from the grand canonical free energy of a block copolymer layer in equilibrium with a reservoir containing soluble block copolymer at chemical potential peK. They also considered the possible effects of micellization in solution on the adsorption process [61]. We assume in this presentation that the anchor layer is in a solvent-free, melt state above Tg. The anchor layer is assumed to be thin and smooth, with a sharp interface between it and the solvent swollen buoy layer. 

Students at senior high school/college level are expected to be able to undertake this type of manipulation of symbols to produce balanced equations from half equations (whilst also adding the electrode potentials to check if the reaction is feasible). The resultant equation balances in terms of both the quantity of each element represented (2Mn, 80, 16H, lOBr) and in terms of overall charge (—2 - -16 — 10 = - -4). 

In summary, then, the orientation of electrophilic thallation can be controlled by an appropriate manipulation of reaction conditions. Under conditions of kinetic control, ortho substitution results when chelation of the electrophilic reagent (TTFA in the studies described above) with the directing substituent permits intramolecular delivery of the electrophile, and para substitution results when such capabilities are absent this latter result is an expression of the very large steric requirements of the bulky thallium electrophile. Under conditions of thermodynamic control, however, meta substitution is observed. 

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