Manganese oxide, estimation

The laterites can be divided into three general classifications (/) iron nickeliferrous limonite which contains approximately 0.8—1.5 wt % nickel. The nickel to cobalt ratios for these ores are typically 10 1 (2) high siUcon serpentinous ores that contain more than 1.5 wt % nickel and (J) a transition ore between type 1 and type 2 containing about 0.7—0.2 wt % nickel and a nickel to cobalt ratio of approximately 50 1. Laterites found in the United States (8) contain 0.5—1.2 wt % nickel and the nickel occurs as the mineral goethite. Cobalt occurs in the lateritic ore with manganese oxide at an estimated wt % of 0.06 to 0.25 (9). 

Consider the reaction 3Mn203(s) == 2Mn304(s) + (l/2)02(g). Utilizing the data tabulated below, estimate the temperature at which the equilibrium pressure of 02(g) over the two manganese oxide phases is 0.20 atm. State any assumptions that you make. 

In addition to the estimated properties, we measured the thermochemistry of several important vapor species. These measurements were conducted in a Knudsen effusion cell using special line-of-sight vaporization under subambient pressures with flowing O2 and H2O vapor mixtures [4]. The gaseous species over silica [5], manganese oxide [6], lanthana, alumina, and palladium metal were detected and relative partial pressures measured as a function of temperature. These vapor pressure measurements were calibrated by using the known metal atom or binary metal oxide volatility as a calibration source. Oxide species concentrations were measured relative to that of a reference compound, e.g., metal atom. The identification of oxide and hydroxide compounds was facilitated by Ae technique of threshold electron ionization [7]. These data were then evaluated using estimated entropy functions and the third law temperatures. 

After exposure to methane the IR spectra of manganese oxide showed absorption bands, which are characteristic of the C-H stretching vibrations (CHs 2962, 2872 cm CH2 2926, 2853 cm and CH 2890 cm ) [9]. The intensity of the C-H bands increased, if the exposure time to methane increased (Figs. 2,3). The intensity of the band at 1050 cm, which is assigned to V3(Si-0) of silica was used as an internal reference (Fig. 2). the intensity ratio for the CH2 and CH3 groups estimated for samples after 30 min reaction with methane, was found to be about five [10]. Thus XPS and FTIR surface analysis showed that carbonaceous material formed on the MnOx catalyst surface consists of CHx hydrocarbon deposits and manganese carbide species. 

This orthorhombic Mo-V oxide was prepared by hydrothermal reaction of (NH4)6Moy024 and VOSO4. Similar to manganese oxide OMS, cations ([NH4]" ") occupy both channels. To form an empty channel, [NH4]" cations are removed by calcination. Ordered microporosity was first confirmed by a single uptake of N2 and Ar adsorption at very low P/Pq (type 1 behaviour), and the pore diameter was estimated by the molecular probe technique to be ca 0.4 nm (Figure 3.3). This value is close to the aperture diameter of the seven-membered channel. The micropore volume calculated by the Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) equation for smaller gases is about 0.025 cm g , which is the calculated pore volume of a seven-membered channel. These results indicate that this seven-membered ring channel is a micropore. 

Estimated values of weight for the Li-ion-MnO battery pack are assumed to be 450 lbs., whereas the weights of zinc-air battery pack and Li-ion-polymer battery packs are interpolated with respect to weight of Li-ion-MnO battery pack. The interpolated weight estimates could be accurate with in 15 to 25%, because nobody knows the exact weight of the lithium, manganese oxide, and polymer contents. 

Catalytic Oxidation for Straight-Chain Paraffinic Hydrocarbons. Synthetic fatty acids (SFA) are produced by Eastern European countries, Russia, and China using a manganese-catalyzed oxidation of selected paraffinic streams. The technology is based on German developments that were in use during World War II. The production volume in 1984 was estimated to be about 5.5 x ICf t/yr. The oxidation is highly exothermic and is carried out at about 105—125°C, mostly in continuous equipment. 

Wiggins et al. [456] used neutrons from the thermal column of a 10 kW pool-type research reactor and from a 120 pg Cf source to study the prompt photon emission resulting from neutron capture in magnesium nodules (ter-romanganese oxides) from the ocean floor. Spectra were recorded with a Ce(Ii) detector and a 1024-channel analyser. Complex spectra were obtained by irradiation of seawater, but it was possible to detect and estimate manganese in nodules in a simulated marine environment by means of the peaks at 7.00, 6.55, 6.22, and 6.04 pV. 

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