Manganese ions yeast

These manganese ion-binding studies have been extended by analyzing several other RNA duplexes that were derived from tRNA acceptor stems [33]. These included sequence variants of the E. coli tRNA (with G3-C70 and I3-U70 base pairs), E. coli tRNA°, tRNA " acceptor duplexes, as well as yeast tRNA , and tRNA acceptor stems. 

In addition to its presence in fmits, S(—)-malic acid has been found in cultures of a variety of microorganisms including the aspergiUi, yeasts, species of Sekrotinia, and Penicillium brevicompactum. Yields of levorotatory malic acid as high as 74% of theoretical have been reported. Iron, manganese, chromium, or aluminum ions reportedly enhance malic acid production. S(—)-Mahc acid is involved in two respiratory metaboHc cycles the Krebs tricarboxylic acid... 

Intracellular transport of metal ions has been a very well studied research area in the last few years. The most often-cited case of this transport involves copper transport in yeast by the copper metallochaperones 24, 25). Cu(I) enters the cytoplasm of yeast via copper transport receptors, and Cu(I) is bound by one of three transport proteins Lys7, Atxl, or Cox 17. Lys7 delivers copper to CuZn superoxide dismutase, Atxl delivers copper to ccc2 that activates an Fe(II) uptake system, and Cox 17 delivers copper to the mitochondria for the ultimate uptake into cytochrome c oxidase. A similar copper transport system has been reported in humans (26), and there may be a system in bacteria as well (27). Metal ion transport systems are known for iron, nickel, and manganese 24, 25, 28). However, no cytoplasmic Zn(II) transporters have been identified in... 

The requirement for minerals resembles that of other living cells and a supply of potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper and zinc is necessary. Many of these metal ions and others are essential for the activity of enzymes. Relatively large amounts of phosphate and sulphate are also needed by brewing yeasts. 

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