Manganese dioxide nanostructures

Zhang, J. et al. 2011. Synthesis, characterization and capacitive performance of hydrous manganese dioxide nanostructures. Nanotechnology, 22,125703. 

Eremenko, A.V, Dontsova, E.A., Nazarov, A.P., et al, 2012. Manganese dioxide nanostructures as a novel electrochemical mediator for thiol sensors. Electroanalysis 24 (3), 573-580. 

Fuel cell applications Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells [118] OMS-2 catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications [119] An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells [120] Nanostructured manganese oxide as a cathodic catalyst for enhanced oxygen reduction in a microbial fuel cell [121] Carbon-supported tetragonal MnOOH catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media [122]... 

Yuan, A. B., M. Zhou, X. L. Wang, Z. H. Sun, and Y. Q. Wang. 2008. Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured manganese dioxide used as positive electrode material for electrochemical capacitor with lithium hydroxide electrolyte. Chinese Journal of Chemistry 26 65-69. 

FIGURE 3.2 Nyquist plots of AC impedance of the nano-MnOj/CNTs composite electrodes with different current collectors in different electrolytes. (With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media Pseudocapacitive behaviors of nanostructured manganese dioxide/carbon nanotubes composite electrodes in mild aqueous electrolytes Effects of electrolytes and current collectors, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 12,2008,1101-1107, Wang, Y. Q., A. B. Yuan, and X. L. Wang.)... 

During the past few years, a significant effort has been directed towards the synthesis of low-dimensional Mn02 nanostructures with controlled morphologies. For instance, a-, P-, y-, 6-, k-, and E-Mn02 polymorphs were synthesized in the shape of nanorods [141-145], nanowires [144, 146-148], nanofibers [149, 150], nanoneedles [151, 152], and nanotubes [153, 154]. Lately, the attention of a considerable number of chemists and materials scientists has also been oriented towards the self-assembly of 1-D nanostructured manganese dioxides into 2- and 3-D ordered microstructures [144, 155-158]. 

The alkaline cell has an open-circuit voltage of 1.5 V that can deliver 150 Wh/kg and 460 Wh/1. The reactions have fast kinetics and can deliver full capacity, even at high-rate discharges. Since its introduction in 1959, there has been a steady increase in performance of the alkaline cell as new materials and cell components were incorporated into the structure. The present alkaline cell designs are based on the use of nanostructured electrolytic manganese dioxide, a thinner polymer gasket seal with sealant to increase internal volume and improve shelf Ufe. Mercury has been eliminated by using new zinc alloy compositions. These improvements have resulted in about a 40 % improvement in performance over the same-size cells produced in 1959. 

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