Mammals General

Tieszen and Fagre (1993) data sets, can be used to apply to mammals generally, we can express the spacing Bcolu Bcarb as a function of diet for mammals generally. We use the fractionation values of dp coLLA. dN-couA. etc., from the Ambrose and Norr (1993) and Tieszen and Fagre (1993) data sets. Combining equations (1) and (7) ... 

Acetylation of foreign compounds is influenced by both development and genetics. Newborn mammals generally have a low level of the transferase, whereas due to the different genes involved, fast and slow acetylators have been identified in both rabbit and human populations. Slow acetylators are more susceptible to the effects of compounds detoxified by acetylation. 

Hearts isolated from rodents can be contained within commercially available NMR tubes (20-30 mm) and make use of commercially available broad-band or nuclei-specific NMR probes. Studies on hearts from larger mammals generally require an organ bath that incorporates a custom-built NMR coil within its structure or a surface coil attached to the left ventricular wall. 

Several years ago, it was discovered that the thyroid gland was also the source of a hypocalcemic hormone having effects in general opposition to those of the parathyroid hormone. This hormone is produced in mammals by the parafollicular C-ceUs and in other vertebrates by the ultimobrachial bodies (45). Originally called thyrocalcitonin, it is now referred to as calcitonin (CT). 

Environmental. In general, chlorinated paraffins biodegrade the rate is determined by chlorine content and carbon chain length. Microorganisms previously acclimatized to specific chlorinated paraffins show a greater ability to degrade the compounds than nonacclimatized organisms. Mammals and fish have been shown to metabolize chlorinated paraffins (8). 

The phthalate esters are one of the most widely used classes of organic esters, and fortunately they exhibit low toxicity (82). Because of the ubiquitous nature of phthalates, many iavestigations have been conducted to determine their toxicides to marine life as well as ia mammals (83—85). Generally, phthalates are not absorbed through the skin and are not very potent when inhaled. The phthalates become less toxic as the alcohol group increases in molecular weight. For example, dimethyl phthalate has an oral LD q (mouse) of 7.2 g/kg, whereas di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate shows an oral LD q (rat) of greater than 26 g/kg. 

Animal nutritionists have developed formulas to guide them in recommending the amount of food to feed animals in captive situations such as in zoos. First, the number of calorics needed to maintain the animal while at rest is determined—this is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). In general, a reptile s BMR is only 15 percent that of a placental mammal, while a bird s is quite a bit higher than both a reptile s and a mammal s. For all animals, the number of calories they should receive on a maintenance diet is twice that used at the basal metabolic rate. A growing animal should receive three times the number of calories at the BMR, while an animal in the reproductive phase should receive four to six times the BMR. 

In general, diagnostic tests that look for a particular protein of interest use biologically derived antibodies, usually from mice. However, proteins, DNA, RNA, and other biologicals may be derived from a variety of organisms like bacteria, yeast, plants, and other mammals for use as diagnostics. 

Body water oxygen isotopic composition in mammals is a function of the oxygen mass balance of the specific animal. In general, it can be related to three major oxygen sources air oxygen, drinking water, and food (both the... 

The Rieske protein in mitochondrial bci complexes is assembled when the protein is incorporated into the complex. The Rieske protein is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized in the cytosol with a mitochondrial targeting presequence, which is required to direct the apoprotein to the mitochondrial matrix. The C-terminus is then targeted back to the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane where the Rieske cluster is assembled. In addition, the presequence is removed and the protein is processed to its mature size after the protein is inserted into the bci complex. In mammals, the presequence is cleaved in a single step by the core proteins 1 and 2, which are related to the general mitochondrial matrix processing protease (MPP) a and (3 subunits the bovine heart presequence is retained as a 8.0 kDa subunit of the complex (42, 107). In Saccharomyces cerevis-iae, processing occurs in two steps Initially, the yeast MPP removes 22 amino acid residues to convert the precursor to the intermediate form, and then the mitochondrial intermediate protease (MIP) removes 8 residues after the intermediate form is in the bci complex (47). Cleavage by MIP is independent of the assembly of the Rieske cluster Conversion of the intermediate to the mature form was observed in a yeast mutant that did not assemble any Rieske cluster (35). However, in most mutants where the assembly of the Rieske cluster is prevented, the amount of Rieske protein is drastically reduced, most likely because of instability (35, 44). 

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