Male, fluid volume

TABLE 7.1 Water and fluid volumes in 70-kg male human2... 

Occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane has been reported to produce adverse effects both on spermatogenesis (sperm concentration) and seminal fluid production (semen volume) in human males (Ratcliffe et al. 1987 Takahashi et al. 1981, Ter Haar 1980). 

Figure 19.1 A diagrammatic representation of the male reproductive tract. Much of the volume of the testes consists of convoluted seminiferous tubules in which the spermatozoa form. In the interstitial tissue that surrounds the seminiferous tubules are the Leydig cells which produce and secrete androgens, oes-tradiol and the peptides inhibin and activin. The epididymis is a single but convoluted tube. Sperm from the epididymis enter the vas deferens and pass through the ejaculatory duct into the urethra, mainly at the time of ejaculation. Just at the transition of the vas deferens to ejaculatory duct, two large glands, the seminal vesicles, drain into the two vasa deferentia. Prior to joining the urethra, the ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate gland which lies below the bladder and surrounds the upper part of the urethra, into which prostatic fluid is secreted.

The adult male human body contains about 60% (weight) of water and the adult female body about 50%. The large amount of body water is compartmentalized, each compartment being bounded by membranes. It has been estimated (Edelman and Leibman, 1959) that 55% of this water is contained within cells and that it is bounded by cell membranes. The remaining, extracellular water or fluids (ECF) is made up of a relatively small volume of plasma (7.5% of total body water in the vascular tree), with the remaining 37.5% in nonplasma and located outside the vascular... 

Understanding Vd requires knowledge of the types of fluids into which a drug can distribute. A standard patient (70 kg, or 154 lbs) can be used to demonstrate key ideas. A 70-kg patient has approximately 5.0 L of blood. Because not every patient weighs 70 kg, blood volume is often expressed on a per mass basis as 0.071 L/kg (5 L/70 kg). Multiplication by patient mass gives that patient s approximate blood volume. Whole blood is 54% plasma by volume, so the amount of plasma in a 70-kg patient is 2.7 L. Other sources of fluid in the body include interstitial fluid and lymph ( 10 L) and intracellular fluids (—25 L). The total body water of a 70-kg male patient is approximately 38 L, or 55% of the body s mass. The value is closer to 50% for females. Total body volume for a 70-kg patient is around 70 L. 

Martensson and colleagues evaluated hyaluronan in pleural fluid from 19 male patients with mesotheli-Tumor volume was estimated on transillumi-... 

Body water and the electrolytes it contains are in a state of constant flux. Wc drink, we eat. we pass urine and wc sweat during all this it is important that wc maintain a steady state. A motor car s petrol tank might hold about 42 litres, similar to the total body water content of the average 70 kg male. If 2 litres were lost quickly from the tank it would hardly regi.steron the fuel indicator. However, if we were to lose the same volume from our intravascular comparimeni w e would be in serious trouble. We are vulnerable to changes in our fluid compartments, and a number of important homeostatic mechanisms... 

Fabrication begins with a pattern from which a mold is made. The mold may be of any low-cost material, including wood, hard plaster or hydrostone, concrete, a metal such as aluminum or steel, and glass fiber reinforced polyester or epoxy. If only a few parts are to be made, a single mold will suffice otherwise multiple molds may be required. If the volume is large enough and speed is important, heating elements such as lines for steam or other fluids, or electrical heat units, may be incorporated. Automated equipment also may be installed (Fig. 7-6). The mold may be male... 

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