Magnetostriction induced

Oriented In-Plane Texture. In this kind of film the properties (H and in the various in-plane directions (texture and nontexture directions) are different. The texture of the film can be supported by the texture of the substrate and the crystal lattice can be smaller in the texture direction than in the transverse direction. This can be the source for strain-induced magnetic anisotropy (magnetostriction). It is also found that the crystal is aligned in the texture direction (92). 

Due to their high piezoelectric response, electrostriction in ferroelectrics, induced by an applied electric field, can be used as strain-inducing components (just as ferromagnetic materials can be exploited for their magnetostriction). Thus barium... 

The two principle modes of the magnetostriction (A -° and As or Xy-2) introduced above are illustrated in fig. 2. With respect to the non-magnetic fictitious state, a spherical, isotropic sample exhibits a relative volume change AV/V = A" 0, when it becomes magnetic. In addition, when one forces the moments to be directed along an applied magnetic field B, an anisotropic deformation is induced, which transfers the sphere into an ellipsoid with the same volume. 

Various experimental methods have been developed for investigating the magnetoelastic properties of thin films and nanoscale magnetic systems. In the following subsections, we discuss the most important ones (i) the magnetoelastic cantilever, (ii) strain induced anisotropy, (iii) magnetostriction in spin valves, (iv) strain modulated ferromagnetic resonance, (v) secondary-electron spin-polarisation, and (vi) strain-induced anisotropy due to the spontaneous strains. 

For thin films with a perpendicular anisotropy (easy axis normal to the film plane), Huang et al. (199S) determined magnetostriction (As) and anisotropy (Iff) values, by using the so-called initial-susceptibility method. An ac magnetic field was applied in the film direction, and the induced magnetisation component in the field direction was measured. These authors deduced K and As from the x 1 vs. o plots, using ... 

Kadomtseva et al. (2000) measured thermal expansion and longitudinal and transverse magnetostriction in pulsed magnetic fields up to 25 T in Lai - Sr MnOj single crystals (x = 0.1,0.125 and 0.15). The results were ascribed to a suppression of the O phase and field-induced transitions to a new orbital-ordered ferromagnetic state. 

Among the presented systems in this chapter, GdCu2 is one for which a variety of studies dealing with the magnetic properties and spontaneous as well as field-induced magnetostriction have been done in the past and also more recently (Rotter et al. 2001a). 

Figure 35 shows the field induced magnetostriction for external fields along the a-, b- and c-axis (Rotter et al. 2001a). All measurements were done with increasing... 

Finally, we would like to point out the importance of investigations of the field-induced magnetostriction in Gd compounds. Such investigations are very important for a quantitative analysis of the spontaneous magnetostriction, which has for instance been shown by the studies on GdCu2- The lack of systematic studies of the field-induced magnetostriction in Gd compounds may be one reason why only in a few cases a quantitative description of the spontaneous magnetoelastic effects in Gd compounds has been performed. 

This class of smart materials is the mechanical equivalent of electrostrictive and magnetostrictive materials. Elastorestrictive materials exhibit high hysteresis between strain and stress (14,15). This hysteresis can be caused by motion of ferroelastic domain walls. This behavior is more complicated and complex near a martensitic phase transformation. At this transformation, both crystal structural changes induced by mechanical stress and by domain wall motion occur. Martensitic shape memory alloys have broad, diffuse phase transformations and coexisting high and low temperature phases. The domain wall movements disappear with fully transformation to the high temperature austentic (paraelastic) phase. 

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