Magneto-optic switch

With increasing industrial activities, wastewater from many industries such as tannery, chemical manufacturing, mining, battery manufacturing industries, and so 

various treatment techniques and processes have been used to remove the metallic ions from the wastewater, including precipitation, evaporation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane separation, and so on. Most of these methods suffer from some drawbacks such as high capital and operational costs for the treatment and disposal of the residual metal sludge [32-34]. Therefore, efforts are made to develop low-cost materials to remove contaminants from aqueous solutions. Fortunately, recent development of nanotechnique has shed a light on this field. Nanoparticles, often characterized by a significant amount of surfaces, have been attracting much interest because of their unique properties and potential applications. 

Several recent studies sought to adsorb heavy metals onto magnetic nanoparticles. For example, the removal and recovery of Cr(VI) has been achieved by synthesized maghemite (Y-Fe203) nanopartides, and it is proved that Cr(VI) adsorption capadty of nanoscale maghemite compared favorably with other 

Nanosized ZnO has great potentiality for being used in preparing solar cells, gas sensors, chemical absorbent varistors, electrical and optical devices, electrostatic dissipative coatings, catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation, and catalysts for photo-catalytic degradation instead of titania nanopartides. Hence, investigations on the synthesis and modification of nanosized ZnO have attracted tremendous attention. 

---

Magnetic thin films of nickel-iron (usually deposited at an 80 20 composition by weight) exhibit a number of unusual properties, which have led to many experimental and theoretical studies, as well as to impoitant applications in binary storage and switching, magnetic amplifiers, and magneto-optical Kerr-effect displays,... 

Optical phenomena depending on crystal structure Electro-optic effect Magneto-optic effect Photoelastic effect Optical switch Display Modulator, optical deflector Optical isolator Optical circuit device (active device) Optical fiber sensor... 

During the past 15 years the Eu chalcogenides have received tremendous interest by scientists all over the world. One obvious reason was the hope of using these magnetic semiconductors industrially, e.g. in the form of fast, light beam addressable memory systems in computers, as magneto-optical modulators or as magnetic field activated electronic switches. 

---