Magnetic resonance imaging precision

Magnetic resonance imaging is comparable to CT in its capacity to diagnose acute pancreatitis and provide precise information regarding the severity of the disease (A4, L9, P10, R12). However, due to the limited availability for emergency diagnosis it has not been widely used for routine clinical practice. 

The indirect methods include ultrasonic Doppler, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and thermal anemometry, which measure the shear stress indirectly by correlating this parameter to flow rate. The ultrasonic Doppler method and MRI are noninvasive however, the spatial resolution near the wall is not as precise. Another indirect method is to correlate shear stress with convective cooling of a heated element based on the heat transfer principle. The advent of MEMS technology has elevated the significance of microfluidics in biomedical applications. 

Real-time wall shear stress is difficult to monitor precisely because it varies in space and time. MEMS sensors provide high spatial resolution to resolve variations in shear stress in a 3D bifurcation model for small-scale hemodynamics. The application of MEMS sensors with backside wire bonding G ig. fib) captured the spatial variations in shear stress in a 3D bifurcation model (Fig. 8). The measured skin friction coefficients at various positions correlated well with values derived from the exact Navier-Stokes solution of the flow within the bifurcation [13]. Therefore, the development of MEMS sensors has enabled the precise measurements of spatial variations in shear stress for small-scale hemodynamics otherwise difficult with conventional technologies such as computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and laser Doppler velocimetry. 

Combined with medical scan data from computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, SFF has been used to generate scaffolds that match osseous defects very precisely. It has been applied to produce polymer/HAp scaffolds with porosity, pore size and shape that optimize the mechanical properties [303] or with a design that facilitates the seeding process and enhances cellular adhesion and proliferation under dynamic conditions [304]. 

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