M-Acetylglucosamine

Peculiar characteristics of chitins and chitosans are hemostatic action, anti-inflammatory effect, biodegradability, biocompatibihty, besides antimicrobial activity, retention of growth factors, release of glucosamine and M-acetylglucosamine monomers and oligomers, and stimulation of cellular activities [11,12,295-297]. 

Reactions in the second stage occur when precursor units move along the cytoplasmic membrane. In the first reaction, the M-acetylmuramylpentapeptide region binds (through a pyrophosphate bridge) to a carrier phospholipid that is bound to the cytoplasmic membrane. M-acetylglucosamine is then bound, forming a disaccharide-pentapeptide-P-P-phospholipid. 

Balzarini J, Neyts J, Schols D, Hosoya M, Van Damme E, Peumans W, De Clercq E. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (TV-acetylglucosamine)w-specific plant lectin from Urtica dioica are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 1992 18 191-207. 

Christiansen, M.E., E. Gosling, and M.A. Williams. 1984. Effect of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron (dimilin) on the uptake of glucose and V-acetylglucosamine into the cuticle of crab larvae. Mar. Biol. 83 225-230. 

SuMEGi, M., Hunyadi-Gulyas, E., Medziheadszky, K. F., and Udvaedy, A. 26S proteasome subunits are O-linked N-acetylglucosamine-modified in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 312, 1284-9. 

Griggs and coworkers studied hydrolysis with 3 M hydrochloric acid for 3 h at 100° of canine submaxillary mucin (CSM) and CSM mixed with a standard sugar mixture. Sugar recoveries were 76.0% for fucose, 76.6% for mannose, 84.3% for galactose, 82.5% for A -acetylglucosamine, and 87.7% for A -acetylgalactosamine. 

This enzyme [EC 5.4.2.S], also known as acetylglucos-amine phosphomutase and A -acetylglucosamine-phos-phate mutase, catalyzes the interconversion of M-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate and A -acetyl-o-glucosamine 6-phosphate. The enzyme is activated by A -acetyl-o-glu-cosamine 1,6-bisphosphate. 

Shinkawa T, Nakamura K, Yamane N, shoji-Hosaka E, Kanda Y, Sakurada M, Uchida K, Anazawa H, Satoh M, Yamasaki M, Hanai N, Shitara K. The absence of fucose but not the presence of galactose or Bisecting A-Acetylglucosamine of human IgGl complex-type oligosaccharides shows the critical role of enhancing the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2003 278 3466-3473. 

The biosynthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan, showing the sites of action of five antibiotics (shaded bars 1 = fosfomycin, 2 = cycloserine, 3 = bacitracin, 4 = vancomycin, 5 = 3-lactam antibiotics). Bactoprenol (BP) is the lipid membrane carrier that transports building blocks across the cytoplasmic membrane M, N-acetylmuramic acid Glc, glucose NAcGIc or G, /V-acetylglucosamine. 

Peaks identified penta-O-methyl-mono-O-acetylmyoinositol derived from mono-linked myoinositol, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-1,4,5-tri-O-acetylglucitol derived from a 4-linked glucose, and 3,4,6-tri-O-methyI-l, 5,di-0-aeetyl-2-acetamido-2-N-methylglucitol derived from a terminal H-acetylglucosamine. The PMAA sample was chromatographed on a 1.5 m X 2 mm ID column packed with 3% OV-210 in a Finnigan automated GC/MS model 3300/6110. Temperature program 150° to 215°C at 6°C/min. 

Duverger, E., Roche, A.C. and Monsigny, M. (1996) jV-acetylglucosamine-dependent nuclear import of neoglycoproteins. Glycobiology, 6, 381-386. 

Shlesinger, P.H., Doebber, T.W., Mandell, B.F., White, R., DeSchryver, C., Rodman, J.S., Miller, M.J. and Stahl, P.D. (1978) Plasma clearance of glycoproteins with terminal mannose and W-acetylglucosamine by liver non-parenchymal cells. Study with betaglucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, ribonuclease B and agalacto-orosomucoid.Biochem. J., 176, 103-108. 

M Crouvoisier, D Mengin-Lecreulx, J van Heijenoort. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylmuramoyl-(pentapeptide) pyrophosphoryl undecaprenol N-acetylglucos-amine transferase from Escherichia coli. overproduction, solubilization, and purification. FEBS Lett 449 289-292, 1999. 

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