Lowig

Kellner process are unbalanced, and for the regeneration of waste pulping liquors in the manufacture of pulp and paper by the Kraft process. See also Lowig. 

Lowig Also called Ferrite. A causticization process—the conversion of sodium carbonate to sodium hydroxide. The sodium carbonate is mixed with iron oxide and heated for several hours in a rotating kiln. Carbon dioxide is evolved and sodium ferrite remains ... 

The process was invented in Germany by C. Lowig in 1882 and used at Joseph Croslield Sons, Warrington, UK, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. See also causticization. 

Bromine occurs in nature as bromide in many natural brine wells and salt deposits. It also is found in seawater at a concentration of 85 mg/L. The element was discovered by A. J. Balard and C. Lowig, independently in 1826. Bromine is used in bleaching fibers and as a disinfectant for water purification. Other appbcations are in organic synthesis as an oxidizing or brominat-ing agent in the manufacture of ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide and other bromo compounds for dyes and pharmaceutical uses as a fire retardant for plastics and in chemical analysis. Ethylene dibromide is used in anti-... 

Carl Lowig was born at Kreuznach on March 17, 1803. In his youth he studied pharmacy, but his later study was confined entirely to chemistry. He continued his investigation of the compounds of bromine for several years, and in 1829 published a monograph on Bromine and Its Chemical Relations. ... 

Carl Lowig, 1803-1890. Professor of chemistry at Heidelberg, Zurich, and Breslau. He prepared bromine in 1825, but before his investigation was completed Balard had announced the discovery. Lowig discovered bromine hydrate, bromal hydrate, and bromoform, and was the founder of the Silesian chemical industry and of the Goldschmieden alumina works at Deutsch-Lissa. 

The author is indebted to Dr. Max Speter of Berlin and Dr. Julius Meyer of Breslau for their assistance in obtaining this portrait, the original of which hangs in the Chemical Institute at Breslau. Some valuable information about Lowig s scientific activities was also graciously contributed by Professor Meyer. 

Mar. 17, 1803 1803 Birth of Carl Lowig, independent discoverer of bromine. Klaproth, Berzelius, and Hisinger analyze cerite and discover the earth ceria. 

Balard isolates bromine. His results were published before those of Lowig. 

According to C. Lowig,27 bromine water in light behaves in a similar way to that of chlorine water, but as J. M. Eder showed, bromine water is much less sensitive to light in that it decomposes with but one-sixth or one-twelfth the speed of chlorine... 

The tinctura iodi of the British Pharmacopoeia is a soln. of half an ounce of iodine, and a quarter of an ounce of potassium iodide in a pint of rectified spirit. P. Wantig found the mol. ht. of soln. —1 941 Cals., and S. U. Pickering —1 714 per 880 mol. of ethyl alcohol. C. Lowig found that alcoholic tincture of bromine is slowly decomposed in darkness, rapidly in light. Alcoholic soln. of iodine, according to H. E. Barnard, are stable in light and in darkness, but according to J. M. Eder they decompose 1000 times more slowly than chlorine water under similar conditions T. Budde has shown that hydriodic acid, acetic ester, and aldehyde are formed, and the electrical conductivity of the soln. increases. J. H. Mathews and E. H. Archibald and W. A. Patrick found a freshly prepared AT-soln. to have an electrical conductivity of 2 4 XlO-6 reciprocal ohms and a sat. soln., 1 61 X10 4 reciprocal ohms at 25°. The decomposition is accelerated by the presence of platinum. The heat of soln. decreases with concentration from —7 92 to —7 42 cals, respectively for dilute and sat. soln. in methyl alcohol, and likewise from —4 88 to —5 22 cals, for similar soln. in ethyl alcohol. The solubility of iodine in aq. soln. of propyl alcohol is not very different from that in ethyl alcohol. 

C. Lowig, Das Brom und seine chemischen Verhallnisse, Heidelberg, 1829 H. Biltz, Zeit. phys. Chem., 10. 354, 1892. 

By shaking bromine water with finely divided magnesia, C. Lowig obtained a yellow liquid which at first behaved like an alkali towards litmus, but a more protracted action removed the colour, and when treated with weak acids gave off bromine. It is therefore supposed to be a soln. of magnesium hypobromite. A. J. Balard found that the soln. is decomposed by exposure to light, heat, or by evaporation in vacuo, and with an excess of bromine is converted into magnesium bromide and bromate. 

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